World News Reports from all sides on NATO Bombing and the Refugee Crisis

Lebed Prescribes 'Tough Stand' on Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, Central Eurasia, The Americas

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Balkan States, Russia, North America

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Russia, United States

Sourceline: LD0104163999 Moscow Radiostantsiya Ekho Moskvy in Russian 0819 GMT 1

Apr 99

AFS Number: LD0104163999

Citysource: Moscow Radiostantsiya Ekho Moskvy

Language: Russian

N/A

Subslug: Studio interview with Krasnoyarsk Governor Aleksandr Lebed by

announcer Aleksey Venediktov -- live

[FBIS Translated Text] [Presenter] Hello, this is Aleksey Venediktov at

the microphone. As you know, the upper house of parliament adopted a

statement yesterday [31st March] on the situation in Yugoslavia and today

we asked a member of the Federation Council, Krasnoyarsk Region governor

Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed to come to our studio. Hello Aleksandr

Ivanovich.

[Lebed] Hello.

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich, much is being said at the moment about

technical problems: where to transfer weapons, where to send vessels, but

it seems to me that nobody is thinking about what has actually happened -

why is all this happening in the Balkans? Do you have a view on this?

[A] Yes, thank you for this question. I would like to express this view.

This view can be seen as an option or what you will. And I don't claim to

have the ultimate truth. If I am wrong then let people argue with me.

This option arose after reading the clever book by Mr [George] Soros

entitled: The crisis of world capitalism. I would also like to say that

Soros has nothing to do with this. He is an intelligent man and he has

written an intelligent book. Let me read two brief quotes: If and when

the slump affects the American economy, the collapse of the world

financial system could be accompanied by the collapse of the whole system

of international free trade. This course of events can be prevented only

through the intervention of leading international financial bodies. The

second quote is here. Soros says, or rather writes: The main factor

promoting the disintegration of the world capitalist system [he loses his

way as he is reading] sorry - the inability of those in charge of

international credit-monetary institutions to prevent the system from

collapsing is obvious, it is obvious that the programme of the

International Monetary Fund is not working.

Those are correct, intelligent and seemingly innocent words. But one gets

the impression that not only I have been reading Mr Soros. The conclusion

has emerged in someone's lively mind that if this system cannot been

prevented from collapsing by civilized means, then it can be done through

the use of force. I suggest that a plan of some kind has emerged. I would

describe it as a recurrence of imperialist thinking. Note that the

countries of Western civilization, while internally remaining quite

civilized, yes, and quite democratic, have suddenly begun to behave in

international relations as though their leaders had been affected by some

kind of mental virus - this very same virus of imperialist thinking. This

is a serious illness. We have had it and to this day we are recovering

from its effects. This illness needs to be treated, with very tough

measures. It cannot be allowed to get out of hand. If it is allowed to do

so, we risk a serious attempt by Western civilization to create a system

of total, global and, I would say, imperialist control over the whole

world.

So we need to understand what is really happening in Yugoslavia today

against the background of what has been (?sown). In effect, an experiment

is being conducted to test new models and technologies for governing the

world. The scheme is very simple. First of all a conflict is initiated or

provoked in a trouble spot, then the side which initiated the conflict

proposes sending a peacekeeping contingent into the territory - which in

fact represents the introduction of outside control - and naturally the

country refuses, so then the Tomahawks and Stealths are offered instead.

That is against the background of Russia and China - two members of the

UN Security Council - and also India and Brazil, Belarus, Namibia,

countries which occupy approximately half the world in terms of land area

and population, of these countries being opposed, but this is totally

disregarded.

Then I believe that this is not just a case of the Kosovo problem. It is

not an issue of the United States' dislike for Yugoslavia. What is

actually at issue is an attempt to organize this system of total control

and for this reason no single country in the world, no single region of

the world can feel calm. Because, trouble spots like Kosovo - such as

Chechnya, Northern Ireland, the Dnestr region, the Basque region,

northern Italy, Karabakh - there are many of them, aren't there. There

are over 400 of them, so no-one can guarantee that next time someone will

point the finger at that spot and there will be a recurrence of this same

situation there. Besides, this is a dangerous precedent, a very dangerous

precedent: the establishment of peace through the unleashing of war. Look

at who has been hit hardest - Pristina, isn't it? On whom are the bombs

falling? Only on the Serbs? No, on everyone.

The number of refugees is soaring and there is destabilization at this

epicentre and throughout Europe and this can and must be assessed as yet

another additional effect, as a aggression against Europe. Why hasn't the

Council of Europe been urgently called, why isn't the OSCE anywhere to be

seen? The UN has simply been turned into an appendage of NATO where [UN

Secretary-General] Mr Kofi Annan simply nods his head obediently like a

Chinese puppet. And to conclude my answer to that question, I would like,

with considerable sadness, to say an ironic thank-you to the United

States of America: in just a few days you have brilliantly demolished all

the work that had been done with such great difficulty. An injection of

democracy [ironic] just like an injection for smallpox. But it hasn't

worked.

Now we have a completely familiar situation, a return to approximately

1972 when there was a common enemy, there was someone to fight. Today any

rogue or thief here today can shout that the Americans are to blame for

everything and publicly donate 100 dollars for the construction of an

aircraft carrier. In my view that is the picture, but the degree to which

it is true still has to be assessed and reviewed. But that is what we are

dealing with today.

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed is our studio guest. But let us first

proceed according to this option. You have said that the illness has got

out of hand - I quote what you said just now, and that it will have to be

treated with tough methods. Aleksandr Ivanovich, is there a chance -

without relying on those thieves who donate 100 dollars for aircraft

carriers, you are quite right there - to begin treatment of this illness

without casting the world into the fires of war?

[A] Yes, I have already set out my method of treatment. It should be

extremely tough. I would like to correct you here. The illness is there

and it should not be allowed to get out of hand. The way out of the

situation lies in the very tough stand which Russia can, which it is

simply obliged to take, having taken specific and definite steps: first,

by lifting the embargo; second, by calling a spade a spade - this is

aggression and this is very easy to prove with the help of the UN

Charter; third, to declare Yugoslavia a zone of Russian political

interests for one reason alone, and that is that an extremely dangerous

precedent is being created there for Russia, for Europe and for the whole

world; and to ensure the urgent delivery to Yugoslavia of defensive

weapons - surface-to-air missile systems, radars and other military

technical weapons. No-one has ever attacked defensive surface-to-air

missile systems nor are they going to. I am absolutely sure that this

would act like a large bucket of cold water over the hotheads. Because

this venture will get nowhere.

[Q] It is strange that this virus has affected the leaders of 19 states.

You have to agree that there is something strange about this.

[A] Yes, there is something strange about it and there is also the herd

instinct. Indirectly you are confirming that there is indeed some

programme behind this and it was not spontaneous.

[Q] But you no doubt know that when the same or quite a similar

situation arose in Bosnia-Hercegovina, both the possibility of NATO

bombing on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a humanitarian

catastrophe as Western politicians are calling it, were avoided, partly

thanks to Russia and to the fact that a so-called peacekeeping

contingent, involving Russian troops, was sent in. Why do you think that

this model could not work here too?

[A] There is nothing new about the model. Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin

also - what was the name of the president of Finland? I think it was

[Otto] Kuusinnen [actually president of Karelia], wasn't it, who said -

[Q, interrupts] I think so.

[A] Why touch Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin?

[Q] Kekkonen, Kekkonen was his name.

[A] Yes, Kekkonen. And then, in 1979, Babrak Kamal was brought in a

armoured personnel carrier, pulled out, the dust brushed off him and

presented: there's the president for you. Well, this is roughly the same

situation. Nothing new.

[Q] Let me remind you that member of the Federation Council, governor of

Krasnoyarsk Region Aleksandr Lebed is live on Ekho Moskvy. We will

continue our conversation after a two-minute news bulletin.

[Break for news bulletin]

[Q] Aleksandr Lebed is Ekho Moskvy's guest. Aleksandr Ivanovich, I don't

know, but could you explain, perhaps from the strategic military point of

view, and, of course, the political, as member of the Federation Council,

because there is no precise information about the seizure of three

American servicemen. NATO is saying that they were on the territory of

Macedonia which is not fighting, while the Serbs say they were seized on

the territory of Serbia. The seizure of three American servicemen as a

new phase in the conflict. How do you think this could change the

situation?

[A] Well, first of all, one Tomahawk has landed in Macedonia, which is

not at war. Thank God there were no casualties, but nevertheless this is

now an established fact, isn't it? Second, I have already said that the

United States is conducting aggression against Yugoslavia so the

Yugoslavs are repelling this aggression and are free to take American

soldiers prisoner wherever they see fit. This is absolutely normal from

the military point of view.

The United States is undoubtedly a leader in the world today,

undoubtedly it is a mighty and great power and so on and so forth. It has

one serious shortcoming. Its president has never seen human entrails on a

fence, its president does not know what all-out war is, when the whole

people, young and old, begin to fight 24 hours a day. When this happens,

a quite well-known phenomenon arises - it is impossible to win a war like

this. Napoleon and Hitler lost such wars, as did the Americans themselves

in Vietnam, the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and Russia in Chechnya. All

those who unleash such wars are defeated. And the States will lose. The

American president does not know that every conflict gives rise to an

invisible, but deep and wide chasm between people and only one healer -

time - can bring the edges of that chasm together and to reduce its

depth. Nothing else can help.

So, the imprisonment of these soldiers, the increasing number of planes

downed, dead marines who were meant to be sent in, hundreds of coffins

covered in the stars and stripes, will mean a totally different situation

in America. This is a suicidal action.

[Q] However this action is under way, so, to talks about the actual

situation, it is under way and apart from Clinton who, you are right, has

never fought, we see the top general [Wesley] Clark, who has probably

fought and people just like your army colleagues, and they are

colleagues, who are working out the operation and know what entrails look

like and know what (?war) is. Why is this being done - because Clinton

has given the order.

[A] I know of no historical precedent of a general beginning a war. It

is always politicians who begin wars. Generals merely carry out their

will. That is the way it has always been and always will be.

[Q] All right. Aleksandr Ivanovich, let us change the situation for a

moment and imagine that you are Gen Clark.

[A] That's a pointless thing to do.

[Q] Why?

[A] Because I wouldn't have started this nonsense. All right, let's

imagine.

[Q] Yes, let's imagine. You have a situation. Your soldiers have been

seized. Your planes are being downed, your missiles are being been hit

and you have the task - let's follow the formal path - to ensure the

safety of the refugees and halt what is called a human catastrophe. Talks

have failed to do this.

[A] That's a strange way to set the task. First of all crowds of

refugees are created by bombing and then their safety has to be ensured.

Why make it so difficult? Without the bombing there would be no refugees

and there would be no need to overstrain oneself.

[Q] Come on now Aleksandr Ivanovich, even the UN High Commission [for

Refugees], not NATO, but the UN has admitted that even prior to the

conflict there were 240,000 refugees - like Palestinian camps - around

Yugoslavia, in Albania, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro and Bulgaria. This

was a situation like the Palestinian camps which will subsequently take

up arms and fight.

[A] That is not the problem -

[Q, interrupts] Well what is it?

[A] From the position of Gen Clark, it is clear that a very simple

thought has emerged in world public opinion and is growing stronger every

day - one can see it as Serb genocide against the Albanians or not, but

this has already faded, it was a mere trifle that has simply been wiped

from people's memories in the light of the colossal, global genocide by

the United States of America and NATO as a whole against all people of

all nationalities living there. That trifle has simply been pushed into

the background by this sad fact. So today, the USA is the aggressor and

the USA is to blame for the genocide with all the consequences that go

with that.

[Q] What, let's -

[A] Excuse me, let me finish. Clark is a general, a military commander,

a military leader. He is capable of defeating, hypothetically capable of

defeating an enemy army, but what is he being forced to do? He is being

forced to bomb civilian targets and kill the civilian population. And I

am absolutely convinced that he is experiencing immense personal

discomfort. Subconsciously he is aware that he is not doing what he

should be. And his subordinate generals, officers and soldiers are

experiencing the same discomfort. This discomfort will grow with each

day. And it is hard enough when you are morally fighting for the right

cause. That is one psychological state. It is another psychological state

when you are committing an aggression, you are killing women and children

and especially if you are trying to go in somewhere and people can see

the results of your work. The worst criminals are the pilots. They flew

in, did their work and flew off to have a cup of coffee. And later on

someone on the ground counts the torn off heads and arms. That is one of

the greatest tragedies. This is the germ that has already entered the

American army and will be taking hold with each passing day.

[Q] It is a war of hardware, from the Americans' point of view.

[A] Yes, a war on television, from the American's point of view. It's

like watching a thriller, it doesn't affect you. It will affect them. It

already has.

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed is Ekho Moskvy's guest and in the last

part of our conversation I would like - you began to say, when you were

talking about democracy and smallpox injections and it all being useless.

When he met [IMF Managing Director Michel] Camdessus, [Communist Party of

Russia leader] Gennadiy Andreyevich Zyuganov said that the next Russian

government, if you give us the loan now - that is what he said in this

studio - will be either a military or a criminal government. That was

what he scared us with here, not only us, but Camdessus as well. This is

my question: do you believe the events connected with Yugoslavia could

really result in the weak shoots of democracy in Russia will die and that

everyone will rally around anyone, say the supreme commander-in-chief,

but there will be an impeachment, and it will be a new supreme

commander-in-chief, or some kind of state committee, a State Committee

for the State of Emergency [the coup in 1991]? Do you think that this is

possible as a result of Yugoslavia, because of the new world order about

which you spoke?

[A] As for the loans, I wouldn't accept them at all. A person has to be

pushed into a corner and it has to be explained to him that either he

gets out of the corner using his own means or he will die there. That is

when everyone, or at least the overwhelming majority, will begin to

really start doing something. They will cease begging and relying on

someone else and start employing their own reserves. That is when the

country will rise. To go asking for handouts, to get these loans by

trading geopolitical interests for 4.8bn dollars - what is that? It's

like a small green patch on bright orange trousers - ridiculous.

[Q] What about the possible domestic political situation, in which

Yugoslavia acts as a catalyst?

[A] Could you repeat your question?

[Q] My question is this. Essentially it comes from your supposition that

thanks to actions of the Americans, democracy will be injected into our

country.

[A] It's essentially already happened. It has already happened. In the

first part of our conversation I was actually saying an ironic thank-you

to the Americans. In just a few days they managed to demolish what had

taken several years to achieve. All the covers have been blown away. Let

them try to prove they are adherents of democracy, now that they are

committing brutal aggression under the flag of democracy, on foreign

territory, when they have invaded Europe and are destroying that life in

Europe, just as the euro is starting up and the whole system, the whole

idea of building a common European home is quite simply being destroyed

under the American bombs and missiles. This has already happened.

[Q] What about in Russia, Aleksandr Ivanovich? On 15th April, I know you

have mentioned the impeachment. Nevertheless, there could be a situation

in the country, in which the supreme commander-in-chief could be under

impeachment.

[A] Well. When a war is under way, and I have already said this, and I

will say it again, this moment should be used not to turn an imperialist

war, to use the language of the classics, into a civil war. We don't need

that. This moment should be used as a reason for the consolidation of the

nation. Today we are on our knees. We must get up, begin wanting to get,

want to get up. Then we will get up and this could be a great unifying

moment.

Furthermore, these actions should not be aimed against the Americans. The

Americans have committed a colossal strategic folly and this will become

apparent over the course of two or three weeks. Everyone will simply see

this. And we need to help [them] to save face and get out of this

situation, while at the same time consolidating the nation and giving the

country its second wind and giving the people back their dignity. So this

is a unique moment and we must not fail to use it. And today, this must

be done by the president, if he still has the will. He must gather

everyone and announce, to declare this will: today we are a united

country, all the branches of power are working in the same direction. We

are going to stop sending delegations of the government, the State Duma

and the Federation Council and other political structures to Yugoslavia.

The state called Russia has its position, it has power, it has its will

and that will is going to be put into practice. That is where the

solution to the problem lies, today, now, immediately.

[Q] The opposition will not agree to this, even if the president wants

it. I think you know that very well.

[A] I believe that it will agree, it will agree. I cannot see the will

of the president. So all this sending of vessels [through the Bosporus],

all this insignificant talking there, none of this is serious. This is

where we need to start. We are a humiliated and offended nation.

Actually, I was brought up in the spirit of materialism as we all were,

or the majority of us, at least, but I know from practice that the spirit

is the predominant. You can give a puny, weak-willed people without

character any weapon, any money and they will use it for drink, lose it

or leave it somewhere. Only human will, the essence of the human spirit

is capable of seriously changing any situation. No task is impossible.

[Q] Let me remind you that the governor of Krasnoyarsk Region and member

of the Federation Council, Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed.

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Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/31/99

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 322

Title: Lebed Interviewed on NATO Strikes, Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia, East Europe

Document Date: 31 Mar 1999

Division: Russia, Balkan States

Subdivision: Russia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: LD0104145499 Moscow NTV in Russian 1540 GMT 31 Mar 99

AFS Number: LD0104145499

Citysource: Moscow NTV

Language: Russian

N/A

Subslug:

[FBIS Translated Text] [Svetlana Sorokina] Good evening. The "Hero of the

Day" programme is on the air.

The Federation Council [Russian parliament's upper chamber] today

proposed that the government should render military and technical

assistance to Yugoslavia. The senators voted unanimously in favour of the

proposal. Krasnoyarsk Territory governor Aleksandr Lebed was among the

first to comment on the issue. Aleksandr Ivanovich is our studio guest

today.

Good evening, again.

[Lebed] Good evening.

[Q] Well, as a matter of fact, the proposed deliveries of weapons to

Yugoslavia mean [Russia's] withdrawal from the UN sanctions regime. This

is quite a serious move. Aren't you afraid that this can only exacerbate

the situation?

[A] No I'm not.

[Q] Please substantiate your point, Aleksandr Ivanovich.

[A] All right. I would like to say that we, Russia, should learn at

least two lessons from the situation that has taken shape. Firstly, it

turned out that out political elite is absolutely disunited. We have

demonstrated horrible things. Three persons, who represent themselves

[leaders of the Right Cause coalition Yegor Gaydar, Boris Nemtsov and

Boris Fedorov], go [to Belgrade], then a government delegation goes

there, and now a State Duma [parliament's lower chamber] is about to go

there. Our thanks to the Federation Council for the fact that it was wise

enough not to form its own delegation. Firstly, this is a horrible thing

in the eyes of the people who live in this country - they see these

widely spread fingers and understand that the one who delivers a blow

with these fingers will have them broken, and this will be humiliating

and painful.

As regards the authorities, this is humiliating and disgraceful. As

regards the world community, including the people of Yugoslavia

themselves, this is ridiculous: You there, can't you sort out among

yourselves who should come here? Diplomats and military should come and

that's it, as well as a person at the head, who would be entrusted with

the powers.

The second lesson is more complicated. It consists of three questions

which are to be answered. Firstly, why are we all reacting so excitedly

to the air raids against Yugoslavia? This is a very serious question.

Secondly, why are we getting involved in this and what is our objective?

And thirdly, what can we do to stop the air raids?

The answer to the first question is quite simple: we all feel humiliated

now. Just 15 years ago this situation would have been impossible in

principle. But the balance of forces has been upset and we have got what

we have got.

Essentially, it is not aggression against Yugoslavia. It is aggression against

Europe. Where is the OSCE? Have you heard it being mentioned at all?

Where is the Council of Europe? Where are all those brilliant state

structures and institutions? Where will the euro end up? What about the

tense situation in the neighbouring countries, around Yugoslavia?

Macedonia allocated 20 per cent of its budget in the heat of the moment,

and now it does not know what to do with the ever increasing numbers of

refugees.

[Q] Well, Europe, at least the majority of its countries have opinions

of their own on this, different from what we think.

[A] Of course, of course.

[Q] But one can look at it as the balance of forces. We have been pushed

to the back, so to speak, as far as our opinion is concerned and not much

attention is paid in the world to what we have to say. I agree with you.

This is how it is.

[A] The second question. Why do we need it? We should first answer the

question of who we are. Who do we want to be? Are we a flock of sheep

which are united by a common pasture, the common territory on which we

live? Or are we a single nation with common will and aims? Who are we? If

we give a positive answer to this question, we should decide for

ourselves that we will have nothing to do with an imperialistic war, a

civil war but instead use this wonderful opportunity to consolidate our

nation. We will unite the country's efforts. We will admit that we knelt

voluntarily and that we now want to get up. How can we do it? By

consistent and firm steps, such as the embargo. Russia should announce

that it unilaterally lifts the embargo against Yugoslavia and provides it

with military technical assistance. In order to do this it is necessary

to recognize the fact of aggression, which is in line with the UN

Charter. That is the first thing. And secondly, we should declare

Yugoslavia a zone of Russia's geopolitical interests. A very dangerous

precedent, a very dangerous precedent for Russia, Europe and the whole

world, is being created on the territory of this country - the

establishement of peace by starting a war. I can give you many examples.

How many people have died in Kosovo? Dozens, perhaps. At present their

numbers run into hundreds and tomorrow there will be thousands of them.

Pristina is being smashed to pieces. This is what I call help. If you

have a mosquito on your forehead, hit it with the back of an axe to get

rid of it. This is described as the establishement of peace.

[Q] But the most frightening thing is that -

[A, interrupting the question] This position is very firm but it

consolidates the nation, which is very important. That is my first point.

Secondly, it is not a war against the American people, against America. It is

to try to save America. The way its embassy looks at present shows you

that people are reacting in a certain way. If ink bottles are thrown at

it today, tomorrow they will start hurling hand grenades at it, and

Americans all over the world will be killed. I do not want them to be

killed. Therefore, they should be given an opportunity to save face and

get out of this fight which was started in the heat of the moment, let's

say, and with some dignity. Especially, taking into account the fact that

their holiday of 4th July is coming up and they will be marking the 50th

anniversary of NATO. It will be the wisest option.

[Q] Not long ago, my guest was Vladimir Ryzhkov, the leader of the Our

Home is Russia faction. He said that we should be as firm as possible in

our statements and as careful as possible in specific actions. I think

that he is right. Take, for example, the lifting of the UN sanctions and

the deployment of weapons. How soon can this be done? Should one take

time to reach a decision?

[A] Let's decide what kind of weapons you are talking about.

[Q] Anti-missile, for example, I mean defensive weapons.

[A] Anti-aircraft missile units are never used on the front-line in an

offensive. They are used only for defence purposes. And we signed a

treaty. According to the UN Charter, if a country is attacked, and we are

talking about aggression, it has the right to ask for protection. We do

not violate anything here. There is no need to send ground troops,

vessels or any weapons which can be regarded as offensive. There are no

problems with defensive weapons.

[Q] How do you think such weapons can be delivered? Yugoslavia is

virtually besieged. Using aircraft?

[A] Such minor technical details can be easily solved.

[Q] How? By fighting your way through?

[A] What for?

[Q] Can you explain how you can possibly get it through in practice?

[A] Just take it by air or surface. It can be easily done. There are no

problems here. I just do not want to go in any technical details and

determine which road will be used, what kind of a vehicle will be used by

a driver by the name of Vasiliy Ivanov will be taking the anti-aircraft

units.

[Q] OK. I would like to return to my previous question. How soon, do you

think, defensive weapons should be supplied to Yugoslavia?

[A] Immediately. The sooner, the better, and the sooner hot heads will

calm down, providing an opportunity to think about the situation and take

appropriate steps and tension will be lifted from the whole of Europe. I

would like to stress yet again that it is an act of sabotage against

Europe.

[Q] What do you think about the idea of volunteers which was expressed

by many of your colleagues, State Duma deputies? There are whole groups

of people who decide to go to Yugoslavia.

[A] One can have a different attitude to this. If people decided to do

this, they will go.

[Q] But what exactly could they do over there? Well people will come and

then what?

[A] It depends on the people who would come. If an infantryman comes

there, that will be little help, although moral support is certainly very

important. If we are talking about someone who knows how to use mobile

anti-aircraft systems, two such specialists could seriously change the

air defence situation in some area. There could be any type of

volunteers.

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich, I can see that you really consider this problem

in a very broad way. You see our enthusiasm as springing from our sense

of being humbled -

[A] I see our humiliation.

[Q] Yes, regarding this situation. But do you also have this idea of

supporting a fraternal nation? Our Slav brothers and so on? [Interrupting

Lebed's attempts to say something] The reason I am asking is to know how

much you support the actions of Milosevic himself? He is a difficult

negotiator, he continues ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, which is also the

reason for so many refugees. What do you think about his actions?

[A] Let's try to consider the matter from other point of view. First of

all, it is an objective reality that many different people are dying

today under the bombs and missile strikes - Serbs, Albanians, Gypsies,

Macedonians, all of them. One missile even hit Macedonia - they showed

it. They even managed to miss the country! What a rare thing to happen.

So, many different people are dying, or various nationalities, but they

are all people. Secondly, in my view the problem of Milosevic and the

problem of war are two different problems. Milosevic is an internal

problem for the Serbs. If some people do not like Milosevic, there are a

lot of various civilized means - embargoes, sanctions, world public

opinion, information warfare - a whole lot of means to encourage Serbs to

vote him out or depose him.

There is also another problem here. For example, the USA has been fighting

Saddam Husayn for almost 10 years now. This war is being handed down in a

kind of relay from one president to another. Meanwhile, Husayn is alive

and kicking, and nothing is happening to him. But tens of thousands of

Iraqis have been killed in these 10 years of war with Saddam. And it has

cost the USA a colossal amount of money. The whole place has been

strafed, but no targets hit. Something similar is happening now in

Yugoslavia.

If you do not like Milosevic, why kill ordinary people? Somebody some

day will come up with statistics and everyone will see that ordinary

people were being killed. I have been in many such situations and this

was what made me especially angry. Somehow the guilty ones manage to get

out in time, but all those soldiers, policemen, girls, teachers,

housewives, ordinary people, are the ones that are being killed.

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich, we have been hearing some really worrying

statements. Today, the State Duma proposed to review the military

doctrine and the chief of the General Staff, Anatoliy Kvashnin, said that

the use of nuclear weapons is not ruled out in the defence of Russia's

territorial integrity and sovereignty. Why there are such statements?

Don't they make you wary?

[A] They do make me wary. This is why for the past two days I have been

saying: let's hold a joint session of the State Duma, the Federation

Council and the government and consolidate our position, the position to

be taken by Russia as a state.

[Lebed] Everybody should be told: look pal, if you dare to use this

difficult situation for your own pre-election or other kind of purposes -

you will simply be placed into the Matrosskaya Tishina [jail]. Later we

will ask you to forgive us and pay you three roubles in compensation. But

during that period he would have to look at the sky through the windows

of a cell and keep yourself occupied by singing ditties.

This will have to be decided today. This is needed to avoid all these

various [changes tack] this chorus, no, that's not right, this is not a

chorus, it is a cacophony. Everyone is simply doing whatever he feels

like doing.

Centralization is needed here as never before. As never before this is very

important today.

[Sorokina] Views should be expressed which have been worked out jointly?

[A] Yes, jointly. There should be a joint consolidated stance by all

branches of power and by all political forces. This is our opinion and we

are representing the Russian state. It might be that right now we don't

like each other. But the state is in danger now. The fatherland is in

danger now so let's fight later. That's it.

[Q] How would you assess your remarks about the president? If I am not

mistaken you said that elections might have to be held early?

[A] This is not exactly true.

[Q] What exactly did you say then?

[A] I told all these people who kept asking me a question about my

attitude towards impeaching [the president]? I told them that I have no

stance on that. My attitude is calm as in an old song which has been

performed for the past five years.

[Q] You said that unless (?a resolute) stance is taken -

[A] If the president wants to prevent the further weakening of the

authorities and the Kremlin. They cannot really do anything to say the

least. The only way out is to gather everybody and sit them all together

and tell them the following: I am the C-in-C here - let's take decisions.

This is the only way out. There is tomorrow and may be the day after

tomorrow. If the time is wasted - the president will have to go.

[Q] How is this going to happen?

[A] Simply no-one will need him. No-one needs the president if he is

weak, inefficient and incapable of taking serious decisions in extreme

situations.

[Q] What kind of procedure should be used? Will be it an impeachment?

[A] I don't feel like making any comments on this [words indistinct].

[Q] Aleksandr Ivanovich, you are talking as if this is some kind of a

casual gathering?

[A] Yes, but the situation is like this. This is not a casual gathering.

The president cannot even sack Prosecutor-General [Yuriy Skuratov] I am

not even talking about others.

[Q] You have just said that this could be decided later and that now we

should be consolidating our forces. Do you think that clearing of

relations with the president, for example, can be regarded as

consolidation.

[A] I don't want to clear relations with the president. You asked me a

question and I answered it. I told the president publicly as to what he

should do to save the situation in the country first of all and save

himself at the same time. If this is possible of course. No more.

[Q] Let's go back to military issues which are so close to you. What is

your attitude to the fact that a request has been placed for a Black Sea

vessel to use the Bosphorus? This information was confirmed today. What

is your attitude to such movements of military equipment?

[A] I have already expressed my attitude. It is necessary to send things

which can help change the situation radically.

[Q] And not just-

[A] And not just sail up and down there, showing off not very impressive

muscles. But perhaps one should do this too.

[Q] As far as I understand you criticized yesterday's message to the

Federal Assembly by the president. Didn't you see anything useful in it?

[A] I intend to use it to compile a book of quotations. It is a unique

document in that respect. I have come to the conclusion that there is a

shortage of speech writers. That is my first point. My second point is

that the economic section, at least the economic section, of the message

was written by sick people, simply sick. It is a ghastly document.

[Q] But it contains a sensible thought: honest relations. Perhaps this

message can be-

[A] I will send you a copy and if you find them, let me know.

[Q] We have seen the message. We have read it. It does contain this idea

of honest elections. In my view it is a good idea.

[A] As they say: it is too late to drink Borzhomi [mineral water

improving digestion] when you already have stomach ache.

[Q] So you think honest elections are impossible in Russia?

[A] They are while we continue to organize them the way we do.

[Q] Why? We are currently consolidating our forces in the face of

danger.

[A] The idea of elections has been vulgarized. We have no democracy. We

are further away from it now than we were in 1991. We have developed lots

of election practices which are based on dishonesty. Any attempts to show

how good we are, how spotless, will lead to nothing. Elections will

continue to be a fierce clash for power, as happens between wolves, and

first and foremost, on the part of criminals who would like to be part of

this power, who want to occupy the Duma and dictate their views to

everyone in the country and in the world, dictate. That is why I started

this fight in Krasnoyarsk. They did not understand it, but they will

later, perhaps. One should begin not by saying how utterly innocent,

beautiful, pure, pleasant, clean and washed we will be tomorrow but by

specific, dirty and routine actions. Analyze them to see who can be

allowed anywhere near elections and who should be banned for life. Then

they will be honest and pure to some extent.

[Q] Thank you. We have run out of time, though we could have continued

to talk about this. It seems you have more things to say about this.

Thank you. May I remind our viewers that our guest today was Krasnoyarsk

governor Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed, who has a clear picture in his mind

as to what we should do in the difficult international situation and in

the forthcoming elections.

[A] The majority of Russian will share my views soon. There is a bold

statement for you.

[Q] So we will end our programme with such a bold statement.

[Description of Source: NTV -- Influential TV network owned by Vladimir

Gusinskiy's Media-Most group; broadcasts reach over half of Russia's

viewing audience.]

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Article Id: FTS19990401001549

Document Id: 0f9l2de027iji0

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/29/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 169

Title: Kosovo Legal, Humanitarian Issues Viewed

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe

Document Date: 29 Mar 1999

Division: West Europe

Subdivision: Germany

Sourceline: AU0104220999 Frankfurt/Main Frankfurter Rundschau (Internet version)

in German 29 Mar 99

AFS Number: AU0104220999

Citysource: Frankfurt/Main Frankfurter Rundschau (Internet version)

Language: German

N/A

Subslug: Commentary by Thomas Blanke: "The Dilemma Between Human Rights and

International Law"

[FBIS Translated Text] For members of the generation that grew up in the

post-war period, the war that is now occurring in Europe must be

triggering a high level of ambivalent feelings -- not least because along

with it for the first time since the days of the "Wehrmacht," federal

German troops are actively taking a combat role in a military action on

foreign territory. On the one hand, it is no longer possible to abide the

violent oppression and persecution directed against the ethnic

Albanian-speaking majority in Kosovo whereby the majority Serbian remnant

of Yugoslavia is seeking to prevent, in the wake of Croatia and Bosnia,

that province also from making expanded claims for autonomy through open

terror. The U.S. along with the other NATO and European Union [EU]

countries agreed to act in doubt even without a relevant UN mandate. That

no such mandate was even sought is, of course, tactically understandable

considering the announced veto on the part of the Russian Government:

Albeit without the backing of the UN, at least nothing was to be done

militarily vis-a-vis the failed attempt to obtain such legitimation.

Still, the legitimation gap remains.

Even if the UN had approved the military action and it would thereby at

least not be contrary to international law, that would hardly alter the

ambivalence of feelings. That is based, after all, on the continuation of

the death and the destruction necessarily associated with unleashing of

military force but which is to be prevented by it. The fact that the

morally commanded defense of human rights, if necessary, cannot avoid

resorting to means which in turn necessarily imply the offending of

elemental human rights, equates to a morally conflictual situation that

is extremely contradictory and only painfully leads to a sorting out of

emotions.

This moral and theoretical consideration is based on a key and by no

means trivial premise: that there is an interest on the part of an

aggressive alliance of countries in showing respect for fundamental human

rights. Even in the Gulf War a corresponding motivation for the -- then

even endorsed by UN resolutions -- military attack by the Allies was

energetically called into doubt as expressed by broad segments of the

public and protesting young people in the Federal Republic with the

slogan, "No blood for oil."

In the meantime this assessment has changed dramatically in favor of

the premise of a human-rights and democratic mission not just by the U.S.

and the countries of the European Union but even by NATO and the FRG. In

any event, with an eye on the West European left that has traditionally

PSD To HTML conversion is important to webmasters because they cannot use the PSD file as it is for their web pages. if you need PSD To HTML conversion service save yourself some time, effort and money and send it in to the professionals.

traditionally outspoken pacifist self-awareness, the speed of this shift

in attitude is cause for concern.

It may be an open question whether the premise of the moral motivation

of the military intervention in the case of Kosovo is justified.

Noteworthy in this conspicuous shift in political values is simply the

fact that it has occurred: by assuming that the political institutions,

states, communities of states and their military allies can act in the

interest of implementing legal principles, that are based directly on

moral principles (and they are not just adducing such reasons for their

actions for propaganda purposes), they will be perceived as responsible

agents of morally sound minds.

The idolization of the state has been one of the reasons for the blind

allegiance of the Germans who willing let themselves be dragged into

world wars and even act as executors of Adolf Hitler's policy of

extermination. The opposite characteristic seems to have paled as a

result of the private "go it alone" generation of the post-war period and

the protest generation that was skeptical of the government, as was

originally characteristic of the former Federal Republic.

The described shift in attitude is tantamount -- even relative to the

extreme point of combat intervention -- to an expression of a noticeable

increase of confidence in the moral credibility of the government and of

the state's apparatus for force. Obviously more is being expressed there

than the fact that united Germany has developed to the "normality" of a

self-conscious democracy. In alliance with the western democracies it

has, moreover, even been certified with a mission to help in the

establishment of a "global internal policy" that breaks with the strict

dogma of national sovereignty in dealing with the "internal affairs" of

(at least European) states. But that is conceivable only on the premise

that the government institutions of the Federal Republic and the military

alliance of NATO states also, in turn, are viewed to a large degree as

morally justified.

Chancellor Schroeder, in his televised speech justified the war, about whose

conflict with international law there exists no doubt, as necessary to

protect human rights. Now, in the press, the contention is about whether

NATO acted wisely in putting itself in such a tight spot, the only exit

from which was warfare, and about whether the humanitarian aims of the

war can be realized at all, and about how any escalation can be avoided

and what global consequences will result from the public snubbing of

Russia and the termination of the NATO partnership by President Yeltsin.

From a German perspective, in any event, it appears certain that no other

administration than just a Red-Green alliance with Joschka Fischer as a

foreign minister and a lawyer, Gerhard Schroeder as federal Chancellor

could have shouldered the responsibility for a participation of German

troops in a war of aggression that runs counter to international law,

without immediately reaping mass protests and risking that the

participation of German troops in such a war would be prohibited by a

temporary injunction proceeding before the Federal Constitutional Court.

There is no possibility at all of foreseeing whether the fact that this

war is based on the priority of human rights over the principles of

international law will lead to the erosion of international law or at

least, with a longer view, to its consolidation. On the one hand, it

shows with absolute clarity that the majority of western democracies are

no longer willing to view international law as an end in itself or even

as automatic protection for the inviolability of governments. Instead,

the NATO operation makes it clear that in the interpretation of the

states participating in it, the legitimacy of international law is based

on its function to protect human rights.

The risk to this position consists in the fact that whenever formal

rules of law with their states under rule of law functions of

predictability and calculability are thrust aside in favor of material

principles of law, there is a risk that the legal medium will be

devalued. That is why direct resort to immediately claiming the validity

of human rights requires an especially cautious legitimization: it must

present itself at the same time as an anticipation of a future practice

that credibly aims to close the legitimacy gap on human rights in

international law and to deny recognition of state sovereignty not only

in an opportune single instance but as a matter of principle when it is

being abused in the way this is being done by the Yugoslav government

under Milosevic. The validity of standards for human rights that are

generally recognized today -- at least formally -- is not tied to any

universal practice corresponding to them, but instead, at best, they will

help to establish the same. Reference to the fact the offensive war

against Yugoslavia could not be covered yet at present by any universal

practice but will remain for some time an exception, does not therefore

render this anticipation automatically illegitimate.

On the other hand, there is as little ground for ruling out the fact

that NATO's action may contribute to a destruction of the status achieved

by international law by encouraging other states in turn to invade other

countries while invoking allegedly "higher priority" material principles

of law with no mandate from the UN. While this danger cannot be

precluded, the states taking part in the war against a remnant of

Yugoslavia, are bound in consequence of their action, to make every

effort to keep such a moral devaluation of international law from

occurring.

This means that in this instance a claimed "right of automatic entry" by

the western Alliance must remain unique in that sense, just as in its

wake standards and processes must be created allowing for an ability in a

noninflationary manner to avail oneself of such an offensive war by way

of exception to legitimize the principles of human rights. NATO's action

imposes on it a tantamount moral obligation to remove the described

dilemma of the principle of sovereignty in international law by

endeavoring to keep shaping the institutions of the UN in the direction

of an effective guarantee and safeguard for the "moral minimums" of human

rights.

Thomas Blanke is a professor of industrial law at the University of

Oldenburg. (ENDALL) 99E06148C 29 mar larrieu/eh

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---------------------------------

Article Id: FTS19990401000506

Document Id: 0f9l2bm02p8fm1

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 128

Title: Paris Paper: NATO Sidelines UN On Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe, East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: West Europe, Balkan States

Subdivision: France, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: MS0104104299 Paris Le Monde in French 1 Apr 99 p 20

AFS Number: MS0104104299

Citysource: Paris Le Monde

Language: French

N/A

Subslug: Article by Afsane Bassir Pour and Daniel Vernet: "United Nations One

More Kosovo Victim"

[FBIS Translated Text] Whether only temporarily eclipsed or facing a

longer spell on the sidelines, the UN Security Council appears to be one

more victim of the war in Kosovo. NATO launched air strikes against

Serbia without asking for its opinion, and no new initiatives are

expected to come out of New York in a bid to take control of a conflict

which, for months now, has been politically managed by the Contact Group

and militarily orchestrated by NATO.

What is more, the United States never showed the slightest inclination to

involve the Security Council and ask for its approval. It had good reason

not to: The Russians would almost certainly have used their veto, and the

Chinese are always liable to join them - as they did with regard to a UN

force in [Former Yugoslav Republic of] Macedonia [FYROM]. And yet there

was another, deeper reason. The Americans wanted to set a precedent with

Kosovo, showing that NATO can act without the need for a formal mandate

from the Security Council. Of course, they can point to several of the

Council's resolutions that Slobodan Milosevic imperiously ignored or

violated, and France and other Western nations accepted this legal cover.

Since Russia's proposed resolution condemning the use of force against

Serbia was rejected by 12 of the 15 members, it could be inferred that

the Security Council implicitly agreed to the bombardments.

However, while procedure was respected at the legal level, politically the

Council has been edged out. Ruth Wedgewood, an expert at the Council for

Foreign Relations in New York, feels that this is "a temporary

sidelining." A senior White House official stigmatized China's attitude,

noting how "the Council has voluntarily taken a back seat on [Former

Yugoslav Republic of] Macedonia [FYROM]." When China vetoed the renewal

of the mandate of the UN force in [Former Yugoslav Republic of] Macedonia

[FYROM] on the pretext that Skopje had officially recognized Taiwan,

Washington could not have been more pleased: The Security Council had

painted itself into a corner through considerations totally unrelated to

the matter in hand.

Whether the current crisis is transient or more enduring, this looks like

the end of an era for the United Nations, an era that began at the end of

the 1980s. The then President of an ailing Soviet Union, Mikhail

Gorbachev discovered the charms of the community of nations. For several

years, the Soviet Union and then Russia, which inherited its permanent

seat on the Security Council, were keen to cooperate with the West, going

as far as approving the coalition organized by the United States to do

battle with Saddam Husayn in 1991. The United Nations, which for the

duration of the 40-year Cold War had been stripped of much of its power

by application of the veto, was finally able to play a full role, the

five permanent members proving themselves worthy of the prerogatives they

had granted themselves back in 1945. The international organization was

never more active than in the early 1990s. It stepped up its peacekeeping

activities, sending its Blue Helmets all over the world and looking the

play the role that the fathers of the UN Charter had mapped out for it,

albeit at the risk of being overtaken by its ambitions.(more) 1 apr

ms/adamc

In 1995, some 80,000 UN Blue Helmets were involved in peace keeping

operations: Today they number no more than 12,000. The already modest

means at the organization's disposal are forever dwindling. The plans for

a permanent UN force never got off the ground. There was a time when

American Presidents would seek a UN mandate before going to war in the

Gulf or sending troops into Haiti or Somalia. And while US observers

admit that even if the United Nations had not given its green light,

America would have gone in anyway, at least to evict the Iraqis from

Kuwait, this was still the time when obtaining a UN blessing lent a

certain moral legitimacy to military action.

A Sufficiently Vague Compromise [subhead]

Was this just a passing phase, then? If it was, then it came to an end

in 1995 after the Dayton Agreement was signed and a NATO force was

dispatched to Bosnia with UN backing and Russian involvement. Since that

time Russia has discovered that, with no empire, a crumbling economy, and

a demoralized Army, its ability to say "no" to NATO is one of its few

remaining holds on major power status. However, the Security Council

cannot function if it is transformed into a closed arena for conflicts of

interests. Its makeup, fixed at the end of World War II, has since been

challenged by the emerging powers that contest its legitimacy. By dint of

their economic, political, or demographic weight, countries such as

Germany, Japan, Brazil, India, and so on, can all stake a claim to a

permanent seat on the Council, even though neighboring states like Italy,

Argentina, Mexico, and Pakistan would equally reject these claims.

Alongside enlargement of the Council, the unconditional right of veto that the

Charter gives to the Big Five raises its head time and again whenever UN

reform is discussed. It is hardly surprising that German Defense Minister

Rudolf Scharping recently criticized the existing system, since Germany

is a candidate for a permanent seat. For its part, Mexico has called for

the "absolute monarchy" of the unconditional veto to make way for the

"constitutional monarchy" of a limited veto. While the permanent members

hide their views in circumlocution, they are generally disinclined to

abandon their privilege.

With less than a month to go until the NATO summit in Washington,

organized to celebrate the Alliance's 50th birthday, Kosovo is something

of a textbook case for the United States. It is keen to have the "new

strategic concept" for NATO include the Alliance's right to intervene in

peace making operations outside of the geographical zone for which it was

created in 1949, and this whether or not the UN Security Council has

passed a resolution on the matter. In this way, NATO would be able to

sidestep any Russian or Chinese veto. Kosovo even constitutes a dual

precedent insofar as NATO intervened with no official mandate, and the

allies adopted this interpretation. To go from this situation, which some

Alliance members feel should remain an exception to the rule, to actually

making it the rule, is but a small step that the Americans would gladly

take.

The ongoing discussions among the 19 NATO member countries will end in a

compromise sufficiently vague to ensure that all interpretations remain

possible and that everyone is kept happy.

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Article Id: FTS19990401001135

Document Id: 0f9l2ao001j568

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 122

Title: France's Richard Justifies Kosovo Strikes

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: FYROM

Sourceline: MS0104140199 Paris Le Nouvel Observateur in French 1 Apr 99 p 62

AFS Number: MS0104140199

Citysource: Paris Le Nouvel Observateur

Language: French

N/A

Subslug: Interview With French Defense Minister Alain Richard by Jean-Gabriel

Fredet; date, place not given: "'France Is Not Fighting the Wrong War'"

-- First Paragraph Le Nouvel Observateur Introduction

[FBIS Translated Text] According to the French Defense Minister it is

wrong to believe that the air strikes triggered off the Serbs' offensive

against the Kosovars. It would have taken place anyway.

[Fredet] The action taken by NATO was intended to "smash the apparatus of

Serbian repression" by mounting air strikes. Is NATO fighting the wrong

war?

[Richard] Anyone saying that France and its allies are fighting the wrong war

would be forgetting that the war is already being fought in Kosovo, and

that it was Milosevic who is waging it -- against his own people -- in

the name of his approach of ethnic cleansing. We have to fight against

both the principles and the methods being applied there. It is Milosevic

who has gotten it wrong -- getting the wrong century. We would be making

a mistake to leave him alone.

Our objective is to deprive him as best we can of his tools of

repression and of the military and police organization that constitutes

his power base. We are attacking the structure itself: means of command,

communications systems, and also all the forces used. It is a long, hard

struggle, because we -- yes, we -- chose to take action by attending to

the fate of the civilian populations involved. Avoiding attacks on

civilians takes time and entails major risks for our pilots. But it is

the realistic response to the excesses organized and protected by the

Serbian [as received] Army, which is attempting to eliminate the

Albanian-speaking people in Kosovo.

[Fredet] Is the aim of the war still the same today? Can a Tomahawk prevent a

campaign of ethnic cleansing?

[Richard] The aim of our action is not changing. It is to make Kosovo a living

multi-ethnic community inside Yugoslavia. On the contrary, Milosevic's

attitude is merely reinforcing our beliefs. There is every indication

that once again he was shaping up to conduct a vast military and police

operation against his own people. The concentration of forces of

repression in Kosovo and nearby over the last few weeks bore this out, as

-- unfortunately -- did the escalation in the excesses committed by

paramilitary units. So, in passing, it is an error of judgment to think

that it was these strikes that triggered off the Serbian offensive. It

would have come about just the same if, after the deadlock in the talks,

we had remained inactive.

Let me answer your question about the Tomahawk by asking another: Do you

seriously think that the work done by the police in Pristina is easier

now that their headquarters have been totally destroyed by NATO aircraft?

Would our failure to intervene have prevented Milosevic from setting

Kosovo alight and bathing it in blood, and would it miraculously have

opened up an avenue for Serbian democrats? As for intervention on the

ground, it would take at least six weeks to muster the force required to

exert sufficient pressure on the Yugoslavian military forces. There is no

faster way of dismantling the Serbs' potential for violence than air

strikes.

[Fredet] Can NATO be the European Union's sole spearhead? Has the time not

come for a genuine European defense capability?

[Richard] Beyond resolving this crisis, which is our immediate objective, the

future of a European defense capability is certainly at stake at the

moment. (more) 1 apr rg/adamc

The Europeans now have a chance to prove themselves capable of

demonstrating that they know how to go beyond issuing declarations of

intent. The great strength of the United States in times of conflict is

that it decides and takes action. Europe can only be a party to what is

genuinely at stake if it meets this dual requirement, and does so while

respecting the autonomy of the member countries.

We are working with the British and with all the other Europeans to

give Europe the means to act on a more independent basis, first and

foremost on situations which directly concern them. It is by living up to

their responsibilities in Kosovo today that the Europeans will lend full

credibility to this approach. There is something fundamental at stake in

this crisis, and it is something that is particularly dear to my heart.

Our democracies find themselves faced with the test of displaying a joint

readiness to stand up to raw violence. Showing ourselves to be divided

and pussyfooting around would effectively reinforce a US leadership with

nothing to counterbalance it. And we are better off managing our joint

commitment using the technology at NATO's disposal than improvising. When

our joint political will has been confirmed, we will be able to come up

with tools that are under European control.

[Fredet] What are the preconditions for returning to a political solution? Do

you have faith in Russian mediation?

[Richard] The objectives we are aiming for are the immediate cessation of acts

of violence against the Kosovar population and Belgrade's support for a

fair political solution enabling the various communities in Kosovo to

exercise the collective rights they have been refused for the last 10

years.

We are encouraging any initiative, especially by the Russians, that

might enable Belgrade to accept a guaranteed political solution. For the

time being we find ourselves forced to conclude that Mr. Milosevic has

failed to find a constructive response to any appeal we have issued or to

any of the various international diplomatic initiatives.

Our Russian partners, who for 10 years have been endeavoring to find a

new international role based on cooperation -- they are playing a very

positive role alongside us in Bosnia, for example -- are not now going to

sacrifice all their efforts just to please the Yugoslav leaders, about

whom they think the same as we do. However, their specific links and

political will could facilitate a breakthrough. That would serve their

interests, those of the international community, and above all those of

the victims of the drama in Kosovo.

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Article Id: FTS19990331001839

Document Id: 0f9l2ac025tm1z

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/31/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 127

Title: UK Pledges Extra Aid for Kosovo Refugees

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0331

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: West Europe

Document Date: 31 Mar 1999

Division: West Europe

Subdivision: United Kingdom

Sourceline: LD0104022499 London Press Association in English 1609 GMT 31 Mar 99

AFS Number: LD0104022499

Citysource: London Press Association

Language: English

N/A

Subslug: By Peter Walkr and Alex Richardson, PA News

[FBIS Transcribed Text] The Government tonight pledged extra aid to combat

the increasingly desperate humanitarian crisis unfolding around Kosovo.

More than 100,000 ethnic Albanians have now fled their homeland amid

increasing evidence that Serbian forces are mounting a systematic

campaign of terror to entirely rid Kosovo of its majority population.

An RAF C130 Hercules plane was tonight being loaded up with tonnes of

tents and blankets to be delivered to UN agencies in Macedonia [FYROM --

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia].

Earlier today the first UK aid flight touched down in Tirana, the capital of

Albania, the nation bearing the brunt of the crisis.

International Development Secretary Clare Short pledged at least eight more

flights will follow in the coming week, delivering more urgently needed

supplies.

She also announced a #500,000 donation to the UN's World Food Programme,

which today warned that those out of reach of the relief organisations

could face starvation in little more than a week.

As long lines of cold, tired and often severely traumatised civilians

snaked across national boundaries throughout Kosovo, increasingly

appalling stories emerged as to the activities of Serbian forces in

Kosovo.

Nato today accused the Yugoslavs of making an "Orwellian" attempt to

eradicate Kosovo from the history books.

A spokesman said: "The Yugoslav forces are destroying the archives of

the Kosovan people _ property deeds, marriage licences, birth

certificates, financial and other records are all being systematically

destroyed.

"This is a kind of Orwellian scenario of attempting to deprive a people

and a culture of the sense of past and the sense of community on which it

depends."

And the German government spoke of "serious reports" that Yugoslav

forces had set up concentration camps in Kosovo, as occurred in Bosnia.

But although Ms Short spoke of the "gross brutality" of the Yugoslav

forces, she said nothing could have been done in advance.

It would have been "an appalling act of complicity in ethnic cleansing"

to have set up camps in anticipation of the Albanians' forced removal,

she told the House of Commons.

Ms Short told MPs that whatever assistance was offered in providing

emergency shelter and food, this could only be a temporary measure.

She said: "We will remain committed until we can assist with the more

welcome task of helping the refugees to return home."

But any homecomings were tonight looking less and less likely in the

near future, as hordes of refugees continued to flee.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) staff estimated that

approaching 100,000 people, mainly women, children and the elderly, have

entered Albania since Nato bombing began.

The latest figures showed 85,000 Kosovars had sought refuge in the

desperately poor country, with thousands more entering each hour, their

progress checked only by Yugoslav guards occasionally shutting the

border.

In Macedonia, 14,500 refugees have crossed over from Kosovo in the past

week, with another 20,000 entering the Yugoslav republic of Montenegro.

A UNHCR spokeswoman said it was obvious that "something truly nasty"

was taking place in Kosovo, forcing so many to leave.

Lyndall Sachs said: "Our observers say that while most refugees appear to be

physically unharmed, many are displaying signs of severe psychological

trauma.

"They are weeping, shaking and appearing disorientated."

She added that refugees were facing other perils during their flight,

including freezing weather and landmines.

"We have had reports that children have died of cold on the journey, and

that some pregnant women have given birth, and their babies have died,"

she said.

"Also, Yugoslav forces laid a large number mines on the borders of Albania

and Macedonia a few months ago.

"Some people, reportedly children, have been killed when mines have

detonated."

Other reports have spoken of having their identity documents and passports

ripped up by Serbian troops, and their car number plates smashed, the

UNHCR reported.

Ms Sachs said: "The Yugoslavs appear to be trying to make sure that if

the refugees return they can say: 'These people are not from Kosovo'."

British charity Muslim Aid today pledged #500,000 towards food, clothing and

shelter for ethnic Albanians as the UNHCR and International Red Cross,

which are spearheading humanitarian efforts around Kosovo, appealed for

more international assistance.

The UN's World Food Programme warned that thousands in Kosovo could face

severe malnutrition and starvation if international relief assistance is

not distributed within the province in the next two weeks.

Catherine Bertini, executive director of agency, told a news conference in

London: "People in Kosovo who are cut off from food cannot live for long

periods of time.

"Within seven to 10 days those people may be malnourished and starving. And

it is impossible to reach them at this time."

Today trucks were leaving Oxfam's emergency aid warehouse, at Bicester, in

Oxfordshire, bound for Copenhagen, where they will be loaded on to a

British-arranged plane for Tirana.

A spokesman for the charity said: "The trucks are loaded with

equipment, particularly water and sanitation supplies, but also shelter.

"People are arriving traumatised and tired after a long trek, their defences

are low, and it is absolutely essential they have clean water and proper

sanitation to prevent disease."

Oxfam has a special number for people wanting to make donations to aid the

Kosovar refugees on 01865 313131.

And British troops stationed with the Nato contingent in Macedonia have

loaned tents to the UNHCR to help with the aid effort.

Spokesman Major David Pashen said: "We are ready to provide further assistance

to them should they need it."

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Article Id: FTS19990401001597

Document Id: 0f9l28l03kapxf

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/26/99

Publish Region: Near East & South Asia

Lines: 109

Title: Iraqi Paper Views Kosovo Issue

Document Number: FBIS-NES-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Near East/South Asia, East Europe

Document Date: 26 Mar 1999

Division: Near East, Balkan States

Subdivision: Iraq, Serbia, Kosovo

Sourceline: JN0104215499 Baghdad Al-Thawrah in Arabic 26 Mar 99 p 3

AFS Number: JN0104215499

Citysource: Baghdad Al-Thawrah

Language: Arabic

N/A

Subslug: "A Viewpoint" column by Marwan 'Abdallah: "The Aggression on

Yugoslavia; the Meanings, Implications, and Scopes"

[FBIS Translated Text] Neither the United States nor Europe is concerned

about the Albanians of Kosovo. The humanitarian slogans the United States

and Europe are raising as part of addressing the issue of this Yugoslav

province are no more than disguises concealing other objectives.

In brief, these objectives are represented by the persistence in

weakening and fragmenting Yugoslavia as a Slav state that is closely

associated with Russia; continuing to implement the plans designed to

contain and encircle Russia by weakening its "ally," Yugoslavia;

involving Europe in implementing these plans and widening the gap between

Europe and Russia; and bringing Europe back to the Cold War but of a new

kind and to conflicts no party will benefit from, except for the United

States.

By involving Europe, particularly some of its states, in new conflicts

with Russia, the United States aims to forestall any independent tendency

in Europe and prevent Europe from turning into a separate pole in the

international scene. The United States also wants Europe to turn, under

the NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] banner, into a US tool

designed to impose US hegemony on the world.

It seems that Europe will be such a tool! This is because Europe--we

actually mean some of the European states, of course--does not have a

decisive will enabling it to turn into a separate pole, which is contrary

to the world's will. The events, including the aggression on Yugoslavia,

are proving that Europe does not want to be more than a follower that

thrives on the crumbs the United States leaves here and there. As for the

fact that Europe occasionally pretends to have an independent attitude,

which expresses itself as some "different" or "distinct" positions, this

is only an attempt to extricate a crumb larger than the crumb the United

States allows Europe to take.

If this proves true--and we believe that it is true--then it will turn

the conflict in the coming century into one between the West and the

East, as was the case during the cold war. After NATO contained Poland,

Hungary, and the Czech Republic and became much closer to the Russian

borders, and also after Yugoslavia was stricken despite all the Russian

objections, Russia must now look eastward in search of allies.

In fact, Russia began this search years ago. However, other states that

are eager for establishing a multi-polar world must ripen their will in

order to establish an alliance and confront US arrogance. These states

should also take more tangible steps toward establishing such an

alliance. Hence, they should not be only content with announcing their

desire or hope for establishing such an alliance.

It goes without saying that the eyes focus on China and India in this

regard because they are two large and influential states. However, this

is insufficient because the eyes should also focus on all the states that

care for their own independence and national options. Moreover, work

should begin without delay in order to coordinate and unify the efforts

of these states vis-a-vis US arrogance that threatens the world's

security and stability as well as the interests and rights of all the

states.

Hence the importance of the call issued by leader President Saddam Husayn,

in the name of Iraq, for "an institutionalized grouping with agreed

statutes and charters to have a serious cooperation in the economic,

political, and military fields with the aim of preserving the balance and

achieving peace, beginning with Asia and everything relevant to it."

This call by leader Saddam Husayn was based on a profound analysis of the

nature and tendencies of the conflict in our current world. This call was

deliberately issued to the states that wish to join such a grouping

"beginning in the East." This is because "the West has its own Western

concepts, interests, heritage, standards, and other things. Likewise, the

East has its own Eastern position, origin, and deep historical role. The

East, its culture, and the things on which its basis was built have

certain implications, among other things." This is proved by the

development of events.

Leader Saddam Husayn's call is a prospective one that needs time, efforts,

and awareness in order to ripen the conviction about it. However, the

United States is pushing events in certain directions, which makes it

necessary to fulfill this call without any delay because the United

States will not give others much time to gather and announce something

the United States may consider "a challenge" or "disobedience" to it.

Therefore, the United States deliberately accelerated the events in Kosovo and

quickly pushed them in the direction of using military force outside the

framework of "international legitimacy." The United States has long sung

the tune of international legitimacy and lauded it. It actually wants to

teach others "a new lesson" before they are fully awake and before they

realize all the meanings and implications of Iraq's steadfastness.

The United States targeted Belgrade this time, so the Cruise missiles

will echo in Moscow itself and in other capitals. O states of the East,

be united!

[Description of source: Iraqi ruling Ba'th Party newspaper]

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Article Id: FTS19990401001498

Document Id: 0f9l27h01vu6xf

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 99

Title: Albanian TV Reports on 'Fierce Fighting' in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Kosovo

Sourceline: AU0104212399 Tirana TVSH Television Network in Albanian 1635 GMT 1

Apr 99

AFS Number: AU0104212399

Citysource: Tirana TVSH Television Network

Language: Albanian

N/A

Subslug: Telephone report by Hajdin Abazi, chief of the Information Department

of the Liberation Army of Kosova General Staff, from Drenica on 1 April

Reference:

1. tirana tvsh television network albanian 311630 -- report on regional uck

military operations

2. (internet) kosovopress www english 29 mar -- kosovapress: over 20,000

seek shelter in mountains

3. tirana tvsh television network albanian 301635 -- serbs plan to bring

colonists to depopulated areas

4. tirana tvsh television network albanian 291735 -- uck soldiers display

'unprecedented heroism' in drenica

[FBIS Translated Text] Until the late hours last night, the Serbian

barbarous army kept shelling the villages and the positions of the

Liberation Army of Kosova [UCK], using its entire weapons arsenal. At the

same time, the enemy set fire to whole villages, from where they first

violently evicted the Albanians and took them to Albania and Macedonia.

Last night, too, the UCK secret service announced the enemy's plans in

many towns and settlements in Kosova. In an organized and planned way,

the enemy is burning and destroying archive materials, office

documentation, title deeds, and other documents with the goal of

destroying facts related to the ethnic Albanian structure in Kosova.

Last night, after the UCK announced its decision for the general

mobilization to fight for the entire liberation of Kosova [Kosovo],

preparations and a more-efficient organization for effective action have

started in all the war zones. All the men capable of war should be

engaged in war, as our nation is facing great dangers. At the same time,

I would like to stress that it is high time, and only all of us and the

entire potential of the nation who have joined the UCK ranks can rescue

Kosova and liberate it from the fierce and inhuman Serbian robbery once

and for all.

In the early morning and throughout the whole day today, the enemy

involved a large part of his military arsenal, soldiers, policemen, and

criminal gangs and launched an attack against all the UCK positions,

particularly in the area of Pashtrik in Rrafsh i Dukagjinit [Dukadzin

Plain]. The enemy also used its military aircraft in the attacks, which

are still continuing. However, our fighters remained staunch in defending

their military positions and the civilians in those areas. Our fighters

at the fronts counterattacked to every attack of the enemy's infantry,

all singing the song Word of Honor, which is the UCK's march. Every time

they fired, the fighters shouted: Wait for Adem Jashari, wait for Hamza.

In the fighting, our forces inflicted heavy losses on the enemy,

destroying four tanks, eight armored vehicles, and many human forces. A

total of 64 enemy soldiers were killed only in the fierce clashes in

Semetishte, although the enemy admitted to only 40.

In the Operational Zone of Shale e Bajgores and Tollapi, our forces

continue to preserve their positions by defeating the enemy offensives

and inflicting heavy losses in equipment and personnel.

In the highlands of Ferizaj [Urosevac] and Kacanik, our forces continue

to undertake swift actions in counterattacks, thus inflicting

considerable losses on the enemy.

In the spirit of the orders of the UCK General Staff, our military

formations are taking measures to protect the civilians. In all areas,

the fighters are being assisted by a large number of volunteers in their

counterattacks, and particularly in assisting the unprotected population

and halting the cruel Serbian beasts. Everywhere, the soldiers are

swearing that the enemy can only advance across their dead bodies.

Moreover, they have also set up fortifications, where the enemy is

meeting death.

On our century-long territories, the occupier will [word indistinct]

bones, and they will leave in shame very soon. The freedom of Kosova is

near, and its foundations are built by the superhuman heroism of the UCK

fighters.

As a result of the successive NATO airraids and the UCK attacks, a

defection en masse has begun in the ranks of the enemy forces. According

to information provided by the Serbian Army itself, the staff of a tank

unit refused to fight in Kosova today and, consequently, they have begun

to withdraw from Kosova.

[Description of Source: TVSH Television Network: State-supported central

television station]

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Article Id: FTS19990401001257

Document Id: 0f9l26x047mj56

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 100

Title: Thousands of Kosovo Refugees Blocked at Albanian Border

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Kosovo, Albania, FYROM

Sourceline: AU0104190099 Paris AFP (North European Service) in English 1851 GMT 1

Apr 99

AFS Number: AU0104190099

Citysource: Paris AFP (North European Service)

Language: English

N/A

Subslug:

Reference:

1. tirana ata english 011739 -- ata says 'hundreds' of kosovars driving

toward albania

2. tirana ata english 311355 -- some 15,000 kosovo refugees arrive in

kukes overnight

[FBIS Transcribed Text] MORINE, Albania, April 1 (AFP) -- Three to four

thousand Kosovar refugees were blocked Thursday at the Albanian-Yugoslav

border with no transport to take them further, after more than 10,000

refugees crossed the Morine frontier post in less than 12 hours.

From dawn Thursday until late afternoon, more than 10,000 Kosovo

Albanians had fled the separatist province to escape ethnic cleansing by

Serb forces, crossing into Albania at the Morine border post, according

to the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Some of the refugees crossed in cars, but many other crossed on foot

after having been forced by Serbs to board buses that take them as far as

the frontier.

Local authorities in Kukes, the main city in the region some 30 kilometers

(18 miles) away, have not organised any transportation for the refugees

arriving in Albania.

Instead, the Kosovars have been dependent upon the goodwill of local minibus

drivers, who demand 50 German marks per trip to Kukes and who can only

take a fraction of the refugees.

According to aid agency officials, local authorities do not have the means to

provide transport.

On Thursday, the Serb Information Center said more than 60,000 Pristina

inhabitants fled the Kosovo provincial capital headed for other parts of

Kosovo, but also central Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania.

"Unofficial estimates show that some 25,000 Serbs, 35,000 Albanians, 2,000 Turks

and a large number of gypsies left the town," the center said, adding

that they left "fearing NATO bombing."

About 156,000 people are estimated to have fled Kosovo to Macedonia and

Albania as well as to the neighbouring Yugoslav republic of Montenegro

since NATO began air strikes on Yugoslavia on March 24, the UN refugee

agency said.

Refugees continued to flood into Macedonia from Kosovo Thursday, with their

numbers reaching 35,000, Vice Premier Radmila Kiprianova said.

She said 5,757 arrived in Macedonia on Wednesday evening and that 2,979

had no identity papers. Another 12,000 were waiting at the border, she

said.

Meanwhile, aid agencies were scrambling to cope with the exodus, the largest

refugee movement since the 1993-95 Bosnian war.

On Wednesday alone, 15,000 refugees poured into Macedonia, the biggest

single daily expulsion since March 24, the UN High Commissioner for

Refugees said.

The UN expects the number to rise to 350,000 in the coming weeks.

"The way things are going this figure could be exceeded," UNHCR spokesman

Kris Janowski said.

"We'll try to help the people where they are. If hundreds of thousands of

people leave, we may have to resort to asking other countries to help,"

he said.

The UNHCR has already urged European countries to keep their borders

open, while appealing to host nations to do as much as they can for the

new arrivals, most of whom are hungry, exhausted, and traumatised.

"This is a situation that is changing by the day and in fact getting worse

and worse by the day," Janowski said.

Impoverished Albania, a haven for two-thirds of those pushed out of Kosovo in the

past week, feels crushed by the burden and the government has warned it

is unable to cope.

Poland said it was prepared to take in 1,000 Kosovo refugees, while the

French armed forces said three transport planes would fly to Macedonia on

Friday carrying 25 tonnes of medicine, milk for infants and clothing for

Kosovar refugees there.

An Ilyushin plane hired by the British government arrived in the

Albanian capital Tirana on Thursday and will soon start shuttling

supplies in from Copenhagan.

Plans are underway to broaden the scope of the emergency shuttle to

include the Macedonian capital Skopje, according to the UNHCR.

[Description of Source: AFP (North European Service): North European Service of

the independent French press agency Agence France-Presse]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000735

Document Id: 0f9l24h03nqbpl

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: Near East & South Asia

Lines: 79

Title: Paper Sees 'Double Standards' in US Kosovo, Israel Policy

Document Number: FBIS-NES-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Near East/South Asia, The Americas

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Near East, North America

Subdivision: West Bank & Gaza Strip, Israel, United States

Sourceline: MM0104131299 London Al-Quds al-'Arabi in Arabic 1 Apr 99 p 19

AFS Number: MM0104131299

Citysource: London Al-Quds al-'Arabi

Language: Arabic

N/A

Subslug: Editorial: "Israeli Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem"

[FBIS Translated Text] It is ironic that NATO planes are attacking the

Serb forces in Kosovo around the clock because Slobodan Milosevic,

President of Yugoslavia or what is left of it, refused to sign a peace

agreement accepted by the Albanians at Rambouillet, but not [attacking]

the forces of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu who signed the

Wye River agreement in the presence and under the sponsorship of US

President Bill Clinton but is refusing to implement it.

We fully realize that this is US double standards in the same way that

we realize that the Hebrew State is above all international laws and

charters. It can do what others cannot do. Its massacres are forgiven,

its raids acceptable, and the US veto is ready to protect it from any

sanctions.

Netanyahu is practicing the policy of ethnic cleansing in braod daylight and

more viciously than his counterpart in Belgrade. His forces killed more

than 75 people during the Al-Aqsa Mosque tunnel intifadah. Double that

figure were killed in successive Hebron intifadahs. What the United

States did was no more than to call for self-restraint and to hold the

Arab and Israeli sides equally responsible for the tension.

The building of settlements in the occupied Arab territories and the

settlement of the largest possible number of Jews in them are the most

dangerous kinds of ethnic cleansing. Preventing Arab citizens in the West

Bank and the Gaza Strip from visiting their holy places in Jerusalem is

persecution itself.

More than that, the Israeli Government issued a decision the day before

yesterday closing three Palestinian establishments in East Jerusalem.

These were the Palestinian News Agency (WAFA) office; the office of

Ibrahim Qandalaft, Palestinian President Yasir 'Arafat's Adviser for

Christian Affairs; and the League for the Defense of the Rights of

Detainees in Israeli Prisons. It had prior to that withdrawn the right of

residency from more than 2,000 Palestinian sons of the Holy City on the

pretext that they had moved to the self-rule areas.

The objective behind these measures is to expel the Arabs, both

Christians and Muslims, from the Holy City gradually as a prelude for its

total judaization.

If these practices are not ethnic cleansing in the view of the United

States and other European countries, then this means double standards and

the worst kind of political hypocrisy. This explains why the Arabs and

Muslims are not enthusiastic about all the US slogans of concern for

Muslims in Kosovo.

The timid European condemnation of such Israeli practices is the most

prominent proof of the continued Western bias on the side of the Hebrew

state, even after the Arabs have opted for peace, agreed to recognize it,

and some of them rushed to establish diplomatic and economic relations

with it.

Netanyahu remains worse than Milosevic. Israel's crimes in Palestine are more

serious than the latter's in Bosnia and Kosovo. But President

Clinton--who refused to support the Palestinian people's right to self

determination and the establishment of their independent state--will not

send his NATO planes to attack Tel Aviv.

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Article Id: FTS19990331001298

Document Id: 0f9l20l027yvoe

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/31/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 67

Title: FYROM Officials Deny Refugees 'Sent Back' to Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0331

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 31 Mar 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: FYROM, Kosovo

Sourceline: AU3103182799 Skopje MIC in English 31 Mar 99

AFS Number: AU3103182799

Citysource: Skopje MIC

Language: English

N/A

Subslug:

[FBIS Transcribed Text] The Macedonian Government was not informed that a

train with several hundreds of women and children was sent back from the

border, and that the border with Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was

closed for the Kosovo refugees during the last 24 hours, stated Deputy

Prime Minister Radmila Kiprijanova at Tuesday's press conference. The

President of the DPA [Democratic Party of Albanians] Arben Xhaferri

denied the information that the train with refugees was sent back to

Kosovo.

"The refugees from Kosovo are safe on Macedonian territory," stated

Xhaferi. He stated it is most important to preserve the stability of

Macedonia and to shelter the refugees.

Kiprijanova assessed that until Tuesday 1400 local time [1200 GMT], the security

situation was stable, without any violation of public peace and order,

apart from the fact that the police in Kavadarci prevented an attempt for

organizing protests.

On Tuesday evening, the latest data on the number of refugees was not

announced, but according to the press conference on Tuesday noon, there

are 22,300 refugees from Kosovo in Macedonia. Until Tuesday morning, by

1000 local time inclusive, the regional units of the Interior Affairs

Ministry registered the number of 17,631 Kosovars, of which 1,633 are

without passports. The Government is making attempts for shifting part of

the refugees to third countries.

Kiprijanova reiterated the allegations of several Macedonian media that a large

influx of refugees of Serb and Albanian nationality from the Kosovo

villages Strpci and Srbice fled to Macedonian territory in Rogocevo

together. [sentence as received] In the past several days, the border

units of the ministry sent back from the Blato border crossing near Debar

several people without documents who claimed they were from Kosovo and

were trying to enter Macedonia from Albania. So far, Bulgaria, Turkey,

and Greece expressed preparedness to receive more refugees, and refugee

camps in these countries have already been set up.

So far, 25 million German marks have arrived to Macedonia for the needs

of the refugees. The EU allocated Euro 55 million for support to the

budget and balance of payment of Macedonia and Albania.

Asked whether it is possible that the refugees will alter the ethnic map

of Macedonia, Kiprijanova replied that this will not happen because all

of them will return to their homes.

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Article Id: FTS19990401000483

Document Id: 0f9l20i02jvniv

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 65

Title: UN Official on Measures for Receiving Kosovo Refugees

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe, East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Benelux Countries, Balkan States

Subdivision: Belgium, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: BR0104110299 Brussels La Libre Belgique in French 1 Apr 99 p 7

AFS Number: BR0104110299

Citysource: Brussels La Libre Belgique

Language: French

N/A

Subslug: Report by Gerald Papy: "'Traffickers Are Waiting for Refugees'"

[FBIS Translated Text] The World Food Program (WFP), a UN body, issued a

warning Wednesday [31 March] that the displaced Kosovar populations

risked famine within 10 to 15 days if food aid is not quickly sent to

Kosovo. Humanitarian convoys are at present banned from entering the

Serbian province.

This cry of alarm is a sufficient indicator of the humanitarian emergency

created by the Serbian repression, the displacement of populations, and

the influx of Kosovar refugees into the Yugoslav Republic of Montenegro,

Macedonia [FYROM -- Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia], and Albania.

The International Organization of Migration (IOM), another UN body,

decided Wednesday evening to send a team to Kukes, in northeastern

Albania.

The Stakes in Rome [subhead]

"Our priority mission will be to help transfer the refugee populations

from the mountainous regions in the north to the plain near Tirana and

Durres," explained Jean-Philippe Chauzy, IOM director of information.

"But implementing such a plan will depend on a number of factors: the

availability of transportation on the spot, the state of the roads, fuel,

etc." The preventive role of the Italian authorities will be important,

stressed Jean-Philippe Chauzy, who welcomed the dispatch to Albania from

Italy of the first two boats carrying tents and tanks of drinking water.

Buses could also be made available to the Albanian officials.

Rome, in the font line in the event of an exodus from Albania, certainly

has substantial experience in this area. In spring 1997, thousands of

Albanians fleeing the country's troubles tried to reach the Italian

coast. Jean-Paul Chauzy is aware of what could be at stake for

experienced traffickers in Rome with the mass arrival of refugees. "The

networks exists. Channels for illegal immigrants to enter Italy also.

They simply need to be reactivated. It will all depend on the resources

the refugees may have. It seems some were already the victims of

extortion in Kosovo in order to pass the Serbian checkpoints."

But that is not yet the urgency. The first objective is to "stabilize"

the populations, believes Jean-Philippe Chauzy.

[Description of source: Brussels La Libre Belgique in French -- Catholic

right-of-center daily]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000686

Document Id: 0f9l20g034p7td

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 65

Title: Polish Prime Minister on Kosovo Crisis

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: East Europe, Balkan States

Subdivision: Poland, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: WS0104130899 Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza in Polish 1 Apr 99 p 1

AFS Number: WS0104130899

Citysource: Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza

Language: Polish

N/A

Subslug: Polish Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek's "exclusive" statement for Gazeta

Wyborcza; place and date not given

[FBIS Translated Text] We entered NATO, and immediately we have such a

terrible test to pass. Gazeta Wyborcza asked the prime minister what

social moods might be like if the air raids continue without any visible

results.

"This is undoubtedly a huge test. Both the entire political class of

Poland and the independent media have a role to play. The right

proportions must be maintained in showing what is really going on in

Yugoslavia. For the time being, what we have been seeing on television

are planes shooting at and bombing military targets in Yugoslavia. We do

not, however, see the tremendous suffering and extreme terror that

Milosevic's people have been causing for the Albanians.

"It is worth stressing that the NATO attack is targeted not against the

Serb nation, but against genocide. The dictator who is causing the fourth

war in this decade is responsible. We have already had Slovenia, Croatia

and Bosnia-Herzegovina, now we have Kosovo. If we show this and say that

the plan against the Albanians in Kosovo had been prepared before the

NATO attack and implemented with the utmost consistency in order to expel

the Albanians, then the public will be able to judge where the truth

lies. The Poles will then remember how they suffered during the war,

banishment, and the Stalinist regime and how they hoped for external help

back then. Every plane that brought us aid seemed a blessing and gave

hope for survival. The encircled people in Kosovo have a right to think

and feel the same. The international community has a responsibility to

help those people. Milosevic and his people are the ones who violated the

resolution of the Security Council and the UN Charter.

"The international community should be open to mediation at every phase

of the conflict. Such a possibility always exits. Every mission targeted

toward this aim deserves support. Poland will support every such mission.

We also support the Holy Father's words on civilian defense and

eliminating suffering. If negotiations do not produce any results,

however, then there are alternative ways of forcing Milosevic to change

his policy."

[Description of Source: Gazeta Wyborcza -- Leading, independent newspaper with a

center-right orientation]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000650

Document Id: 0f9l1yo0178dw7

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 03/31/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 61

Title: Denktas Urges Separation, Not Unity in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe, East Europe

Document Date: 31 Mar 1999

Division: West Europe, Mediterranean Sea Area, Balkan States

Subdivision: Turkey, Cyprus, Kosovo

Sourceline: TA0104123099 Ankara Anatolia in Turkish 2153 GMT 31 Mar 99

AFS Number: TA0104123099

Citysource: Ankara Anatolia

Language: Turkish

N/A

Subslug:

[FBIS Translated Text] Alanya (AA) -- Rauf Denktas, president of the

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [TRNC], has pointed out that Greece's

support of terrorism was revealed to the whole world after the capture of

terrorist ringleader Abdullah Ocalan, adding: "I hope that the world

states have understood the kind of attitude Greece has."

Denktas arrived in Alanya by ferry this evening. He was received at the post

by Governor Cengiz Gokce, Mayor Mustafa Bekar, Security Director Ayhan

Pamuk, and other officials.

Replying to reporters' questions on the ferry, Denktas said that the latest

developments have revealed Greece's true face. He added: "It is obvious

that with its spirit, faith, and enmity, Greece cannot solve the Cyprus

problem or develop its relations with Turkey. I hope that the world

states have understood the kind of attitude Greece has."

On the Kosovo problem, Denktas said: "It is a shame for humanity.

Instead of trying to separate those two communities that have had a lot

of blood flow between them, the world is constantly trying to unite them.

It will be an artificial unity. Such a unity would explode in three years

time, just as in Cyprus. Then who is going to save those that are

numerically in the minority? They would all be eliminated. Therefore the

solution is separation. The solution is to grant the Kosovars their

rights. If there is going to be peace in the future, it must be between

two equal sides.

"Furthermore, NATO should have displayed its power and determination earlier. I do

not think that the current air operation will achieve anything. A land

operation is essential."

Denktas said that the media has been playing a significant role in the

negative developments in tourism. He said that the media should not

exaggerate certain individual incidents.

Denktas visited Alanya, spoke to the citizens, and returned to the TRNC on

the same ferry.

[Description of source: Semi-official news agency; independent in content]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000511

Document Id: 0f9l1x901fx9t6

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 54

Title: Clinton Seen Moving Toward Accepting Kosovo Independence

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Excerpt

Document Region: West Europe, The Americas, East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: West Europe, North America, Balkan States

Subdivision: France, United States, Kosovo, Serbia

Sourceline: BR0104112299 Paris Le Monde in French 1 Apr 99 p 2

AFS Number: BR0104112299

Citysource: Paris Le Monde

Language: French

N/A

Subslug: Article by Patrice de Beer: "Bill Clinton Issues New Warning to

Belgrade"

[FBIS Translated Excerpt] Washington -- Subjected to the criticisms of

those who question his leadership in the Kosovo crisis, President Clinton

further hardened his tone Tuesday, 30 March, against Slobodan Milosevic.

Madeleine Albright has also reaffirmed her support for the president of

Montenegro and warned Belgrade against any toying with the idea of

overthrowing the government of the little Yugoslav Federation state.

In addition, Washington has deemed that the Serbian president's

response to Russian Prime Minister Primakov's mediation was "very far

from what is needed" to end the bombing. More and more military analysts

and Republicans are now demanding that the option of sending GI's to

Kosovo be studied.

In a speech at the State Department, Bill Clinton has issued a new

warning to Belgrade: "During a protracted period, Milosevic will see his

military forces seriously diminished, his military infrastructure

destroyed, and the prospect of international support for the Serbian

claim to Kosovo increasingly threatened." In plain language, if the

Serbian dictator does not give in, his sovereignty over the province is

likely to be no longer recognized by Washington. This goes further than

ever toward a possible recognition of Kosovo's independence. Even if the

State Department spokesman reaffirmed that the US position on that aspect

of the Rambouillet agreement has not changed, the interpretation given to

the President's remarks runs clearly in that direction. [passage omitted]

[Description of source: Paris Le Monde in French -- leading left-of-center daily]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000387

Document Id: 0f9l1x003jylzv

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 55

Title: TASS: NATO Strikes 'Squeezing' Refugees out of Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe, Central Eurasia

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: Balkan States, Russia

Subdivision: Albania, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, FYROM, Kosovo, Russia

Sourceline: LD0104101299 Moscow ITAR-TASS in English 0832 GMT 1 Apr 99

AFS Number: LD0104101299

Citysource: Moscow ITAR-TASS

Language: English

N/A

Subslug: By Konstantin Pribytkov

[FBIS Transcribed Text] GENEVA, April 1 (Itar-Tass) -- The NATO air

strikes keep "squeezing" new thousands of people out of Kosovo. Wednesday

saw over 30,000 people leave the Serbian enclave. The refugees have been

mostly heading for Yugoslavian republic of Montenegro, as well as for

Macedonia and Albania. According to the Office of the UN High

Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva, since the start of the NATO

aggression against Yugoslavia a week ago, about 130,000 people have left

Kosovo.

Most part of the human flow (85 per cent) have moved to Albania. About

14,500 refugees have found harbour in Macedonia, and over 20,000 settled

in Montenegro.

In a situation when the exodus of refugees is being exploited by NATO

to justify its war against Yugoslavia, the Office of the UN High

Commissioner (UNHCR) has decided to be more cautious in estimating the

number of refugees and displaced persons over the 12-month period of the

Kosovo drama. Head of the UNHCR press service Judith Cumin admitted on

Thursday that they were "running the risk of counting the same people

twice." Until recently, the UNHCR and NATO propaganda service claimed

that the number of refugees and displaced persons had exceeded half a

million people. However, it has now become evident that among the new

130,000 "NATO" refugees there are people who have already been put on the

UNHCR list of displaced persons who have found shelter in Kosovo. The

number of displaced persons over the 12 months of conflict in Kosovo was

estimated at about 240,000 people.

[Description of Source: ITAR-TASS -- Main government information agency.]

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Article Id: FTS19990401000520

Document Id: 0f9l1vm006kvib

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 54

Title: Czech Strategist: Kosovo Could Snowball Into Wider War

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: East Europe, Balkan States

Subdivision: Czech Republic, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: LD0104112299 Prague CTK in English 0947 GMT 1 Apr 99

AFS Number: LD0104112299

Citysource: Prague CTK

Language: English

N/A

Subslug:

[FBIS Transcribed Text] PRAGUE, April 1 (CTK) -- The conflict raging in

the Balkan poses an immediate threat to the Czech Republic, says a senior

member of Brno's Military Academy in an interview with Mlada fronta Dnes

today.

"It affects us to a great extent," says Ladislav Petras, head of the

Academy's tactical command and staff services department.

Local wars become closer with modern weapons, says Petras.

"These distances are extremely relative," he tells the paper, pointing out

that Yugoslavia borders a NATO member - Hungary.

The Kosovo conflict is a snowball, says Petras. Similar conflicts have

also behaved like snowballs: They gather more and more problems around

them as they escalate and affect an increasingly wider area.

Today the conflict is primarily between Kosovo Albanians and Serbs, but

tension could also increase between Serbs and Montenegrans. Kosovo

threatens the fragile cease-fire in Bosnia. Yugoslavia has a large

Hungarian minority, as does Romania. Slovakia and Hungary are themselves

ethnically mixed. Each country in the region is in reality part of its

neighbours, he says.

Many people continue to underestimate this threat, however, saying the

war is being fought in a far-off country. Such belief ends in tragedy,

says Petras.

He adds that the increased threat of terrorism in the region should

also be taken into account. There are many people from the Balkans living

in the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany, he tells the paper.

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Article Id: FTS19990401000196

Document Id: 0f9l1sz03paoy5

Insert Date: 04/02/99

Purge Date: 04/15/99

Publish Date: 04/01/99

Publish Region: China

Lines: 50

Title: AFP: Spokesman: NATO Strikes Worsen Situation in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-CHI-1999-0401

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: China, East Europe

Document Date: 01 Apr 1999

Division: China, Balkan States

Subdivision: China, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: OW0104084299 Hong Kong AFP in English 0830 GMT 01 Apr 99

AFS Number: OW0104084299

Citysource: Hong Kong AFP

Language: English

N/A

Subslug:

[FBIS Transcribed Text] BEIJING, April 1 (AFP) - China Thursday reiterated

calls for an end to NATO air attacks on Yugoslavia, saying the action was

making the situation worse.

"The use of force by NATO in Yugoslavia has seriously complicated the

situation," Foreign Ministry spokesman Sun Yuxi said.

When asked about China's view on reports that ethnic cleansing was being

carried out by Serb forces, he said: "With the bombing even more people

are being killed or injured."

Sun appeared to blame the huge exodus of Kosovar Albanians into

neighbouring countries on the NATO action.

"It was only after the NATO strikes that the alleged number of refugees

was brought about," he said.

"The most important thing is for NATO to stop military intervention so as

to enable a return to a political settlement," he said.

Sun said China "appreciated" Russia's efforts to achieve a peaceful

settlement of the crisis.

"The Kosovo question should be resolved in a reasonable manner respecting

the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia," he said.

[Description of source: Hong Kong AFP in English -- Hong Kong service of the

independent French press agency Agence France-Presse]

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Commentary Sees Anti-Serb Bias in CNN, BBC Kosovo Reports

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0322

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 20 Mar 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Bulgaria, Kosovo

Sourceline: AU2203120699 Sofia Duma in Bulgarian 20 Mar 99 p 9

AFS Number: AU2203120699

Citysource: Sofia Duma

Language: Bulgarian

N/A

Subslug: Commentary by Goran Gotev: "Cynicism and Lies About Kosovo"

[FBIS Translated Text] The billions of viewers watching CNN, NBC, the BBC,

Euronews, and all the other television channels have become sick of

watching the same old video footage of Kosovo, shot by a British camera

team. An armed group represented as composed of Serbian police invades an

abandoned Kosovo village. They use crowbars to break open the gates of

yards and doors of houses and carry away television sets (even bringing

up a tractor), after which they set fire to the houses, barns, and

haystacks.

Only a moron or an idiot could accept what he saw as anything else than

what it really is: a cynical, barefaced, and impudent manipulation. I say

this because anyone who has traveled through Serbia or has watched the

daily television reports from Kosovo cannot fail to have noticed that the

Serbian police all wear the same blue uniforms, the same police caps, and

carry the same Kalashnikovs. How can a ragged gang of bandits, variously

dressed in green or blue jackets, some with hats and some without, some

with their heads covered by woolen balaclavas, be represented as Serbian

police officers?

There can be no doubt that the CIA disinformation centers are working flat

out, just as they did when they were inciting the Bosnian conflagration.

We have not yet forgotten the slaughter on Merkale Square in Sarajevo,

for which the "bloodthirsty" Serbs were blamed. Later on, it was proved

that no one had fired on the square, but that mines laid by Muslim

terrorists had exploded. However, this monstrous truth was passed over in

silence by the "objective" media.

No one can remain indifferent to the tragedy of the refugees, but this

is true of all refugees -- both Albanian and Serb. Where are the shots of

the abandoned Kosovo Serb villages, or the pictures of the Kosovo Serbs

who have had to leave their properties? There are none. There is not even

a sign of them! In the American fairytale about the Red Riding Hood of

Kosovo, the wicked Wolf can only be a Serb.

[Description of Source: Duma: Daily of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the largest

opposition party]

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Article Id: FTS19990314000634

Document Id: 0f8rbfs00s36x1

Insert Date: 03/17/99

Purge Date: 03/30/99

Publish Date: 03/12/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 80

Title: Commentary: CIA, Pentagon 'Plan' To Reconstruct UCK

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-1999-0314

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 12 Mar 1999

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Kosovo, United States

Sourceline: AU1403213999 Novi Sad Dnevnik in Serbo-Croatian 12 Mar 99 p 5

AFS Number: AU1403213999

Citysource: Novi Sad Dnevnik

Language: Serbo-Croatian

N/A

Subslug: Commentary by T. Kresovic: "Tricks and Traps"

[FBIS Translated Text] The US Administration intends to transform the OVK

[Kosovo Liberation Army -- UCK in Albanian] into a political party or

movement. Why? Basically, it has to do with conflict dosage and crisis

control. Experts from the CIA and Pentagon are working on it. The OVK is

to be reconstructed into a political category such as Gerry Adams' Sinn

Fein movement, in the IRA. Since the OVK has considerable influence,

particularly among Albanian youths, the plan is to have the militant

terrorist organization reconstructed into a political structure that

could win power in subsequent elections in Kosovo and Metohija and be

instrumental in the forming of a local police, customs, and local

administration. The United States, which fights against international

terrorism, does not want its support for the terrorist organization

revealed.

Support should be extended to the guerrilla movement, political parties,

student and trade union organizations. We should recall that the "Union

of Independent Students" with Albin Kurti, an influential representative

of the OVK, is the main core of the command staff and propaganda.

Recently the leaders of the Union attended a lecture in the United

States, held by Serbophobe Robert Gelbard, officially a narcotics

specialist in South America. Considering that Gen. William Walker

operated in South America, then it is evident that this support is

extended to terrorist organizations connected with the drug mafia.

The OVK is a Stalinist and Maoist terrorist organization backed by the

Albanian drug mafia. The United States has bought the OVK so that it

could manipulate it in the resumption of negotiations. Since the United

States emerged from Rambouillet as a transparent player, something more

cunning should be done this time. The United States will do everything to

have a NATO mission installed in Kosovo and Metohija. Thus the OVK has

been placed under the control of CIA and Pentagon.

Negotiations will be resumed, but it is uncertain how matters will evolve outside

the will of the United States, in the Contact Group and UN Security

Council, with China occupying the seat of chairman. Tricks will be played

and traps laid, but the OVK is falling deeper into its own trap, a design

by younger members to take power in Kosovo and Metohija by force.

[Box, p 5] US Leadership [subhead]

The State Department wants the United States to play the key role in the

conclusion of the peace accord for Kosovo and Metohija, preferring that

it take place in the United States and not Europe. That would give the

United States an advantage and predominance in NATO and the Security

Council in deciding on the kind of mission in Kosovo and Metohija.

Madeleine Albright's diplomacy proved undiscerning, which is why the shuttle

diplomacy of Richard Holbrooke is back in the game. He will be more

capable in negotiating with Serbia and the FRY and giving convincing

explanations and guarantees.

Analyst Gerry Dempsey said: "If NATO troops come, I doubt they will be much

engaged in collecting weapons. That is, if they try to disarm the local

population, they will put in more effort among the Serbs than the

Albanians."

These words explain essentially the true aspect of US presence in Kosovo

and Metohija.

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Article Id: FTS19990303001750

Document Id: 0f84uia02l8msj

Insert Date: 03/05/99

Purge Date: 03/18/99

Publish Date: 02/01/99

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 159

Title: Zavtra No 8 'Tablo' Section

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-1999-0303

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia

Document Date: 01 Feb 1999

Division: Russia

Subdivision: Russia

Sourceline: 99R16389A Moscow Zavtra in Russian Feb 99 p 1

AFS Number: 99R16389A

Citysource: Moscow Zavtra

Language: Russian

N/A

Subslug: Agency Dispatches of the Den Security Service: "Tablo"

[FBIS Translated Text] Kremlin sources report that the latest "exit of a

guarantor," which took place at a meeting with FRG Chancellor Schroeder

and representatives of the European Union, showed that TsKB [Central

Clinical Hospital] physicians are not in a position to guarantee that the

president is up to the reality that surrounds him, even though they are

able to stimulate him to be able to put in three or four hours of work

per week. This was shown in Yeltsin's statement about his letter and

phone call to Clinton with the warning that "we will not let Kosovo be

touched." The U.S. President refuted the words of his Russian colleague,

informing us that there had been neither a letter nor a phone call. As a

result, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [MFA] officially disavowed the

claim of the "nationally elected one," stating that the "President phoned

the Ministry, which sent the United States his message, which had

apparently not yet reached Washington." A statement like that from the

MFA may serve as indirect confirmation of the fact that the RF President

is actually isolated from direct contact with the heads of other world

states, and his public activity is under the control of the RF

government. At the same time, Yeltsin's appearance caused a commotion in

Primakov's cabinet and overseas, since "in a fit of rage, the supreme

commander can make use of the little nuclear suitcase." Yeltsin's

well-known "unpredictability" this time supported the Serbs' readiness to

fight for the sovereignty of Yugoslavia over Kosovo and stiffen their

position at the negotiations in Rambouillet. As a result, the United

States has found itself on the threshold of a full-scale war in Europe

(the threat of a missile strike at Italy) and has shown its well-known

indecisiveness, which revealed its "threshold of risk" and broke up the

whole political game based on fear of "American military power"....

* * *

Our contractors in Bonn inform us that Yeltsin's negotiations with the

FRG Chancellor ended in total collapse. Schroeder not only refused to

grant new loans, he also demonstrated his lack of interest in developing

political interaction with Moscow on forming a global European

counterbalance to the United States. This position of the German side is

explained by the growing penetration of major German corporations onto

the American market through mergers and "friendly takeovers," to which

the Clinton-Gore administration gave the "green light" on the eve of the

"Euromarch"....

* * *

We are told from Brussels that the basic political sense of the "big

agreement" between the RF and Ukraine, which was ratified by the

Federation Council, lies in creating the conditions for the victory of L.

Kuchma, who is under the control of the United States, at the October

presidential elections and the subsequent inclusion of the "independent"

in NATO's structure. In the course of this "control by biases" operation,

classic for the CIA, the Ukrainian communists "assured the KPRF [RF

Communist Party] faction that the ratification of the agreement

guaranteed their victory, after which new relations would come into being

between Moscow and Kiev." In reality, however, the outcome of the voting

in the State Duma and the Federation Council showed the "constructive

relations" between Kuchma and Russia, and his ability to "fight for

Ukrainian interests." At the same time, the KPU's [Communist Party of

Ukraine] consent to the arrest of P. Lazarenko and the cleaning-up of his

"Gromada" [rural assembly] made it possible for Kuchma to rid himself of

a powerful political competitor....

* * *

The unanimous appeal of the State Duma and CIS heads with a proposal to

remove B. Berezovskiy from the position of executive secretary of the CIS

was the next "move by Primakov" in his attempts to "politically isolate"

the head treasurer Dyachenko, and in the past -- Yeltsin's entire family.

This operation is taking place to the accompaniment of the complete

neutrality of Gusinskiy, Boris Abramovich's "friendly rival" with respect

to representing the interests of the international Jewry in Russia on the

eve of the "introduction of outside management" in the RF....

* * *

As transmitted from Istanbul, Turkish political circles perceived with

great satisfaction the signing of a special agreement with Aushev on the

transfer to him, from the "federal center," of the power to form military

units and appoint civil servants. The participation of Stepashin and

Bordyuzhi in the drawing up of this document is regarded as their actual

consent to the "breach of Russia's constitutional space and its further

dismemberment." It is also thought here that this act will make it

possible to create a "new Chechnya" on RF territory....

* * *

According to a report from Bern, $110 million, transferred to Bezrukovyy, the

former director of the VPK [Military-Industrial Complex] MAPO [Moscow

Aviation Production Association], and his family, was discovered in

Switzerland in the account of a small offshore company.

Procurator-General Skhuratov managed, before his dismissal, to come to an

agreement with the Swiss office of the procurator on the conditions for

repatriating this money, which is a matter of technique -- the

"possessor" of the account is already firmly settled in an investigation

isolation block. But the money, which the punctual Swiss, it would seem,

were ready to return to Russia at the first demand, might not go back to

the legal owner, the military-industrial complex, but instead enrich the

next and future guests of "Matrosskaya Tishina" and "Lefortovo"....

* * *

A Russian special service source reports that the arrest of Shutov, a

St. Petersburg Legislative Assembly deputy, charged with "managing a gang

of killers," stemmed from the fact that documents attesting to the

participation of higher leaders of the FSB [Federal Security Service] in

unsanctioned contacts with German intelligence had fallen into the

deputy's hands. For the time being, "power explanations" of the need to

hand over these documents are being applied to Shutov. If he refuses, the

source does not rule out the possibility of physical removal of the

deputy....

* * *

In the estimation of SBD [Den Security Service] experts, the impending

appointment of A. Lebedev, director of the National Reserve Bank, as

deputy chairman of the NDR [Russia Is Our Home] movement, lies in the

course of spreading the premier's influence to public and entrepreneurial

structures. We know that Lebedev, just like many of the "new people" in

the structures of executive power, is a colleague of Primakov and of

Zubakov, government staff chief. The aim of Lebedev's appointment is to

intensify the influence over the team of the former premier and Gazprom,

as well as the NDR movement, which survived the crisis, and the governors

close to it. It is assumed that this appointment was approved in the

course of the last personal meeting between Primakov and Chernomyrdin. In

this connection, the possibility is not ruled out that in the near future

the premier's former colleagues will appear in the management of

structures close not only to Gazprom, but also to other major

financial-industrial groups.

* * *

The presidential administration informs us that the response of Aleksey

II, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus, to Yeltsin's personal

congratulations on the occasion of the 70th birthday of the head of the

Russian Orthodox Church, which contained a statement on the need for

constitutional transfer of authority within stipulated time periods,

plunged the "family" into shock, since these formulations from the lips

of the supercautious Aleksey II attest to his having available certain

confidential information about events prepared in the Kremlin....

[Zavtra: Influential leftist-nationalist weekly.]

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---------------------------------

Article Id: FTS19990218000390

Document Id: 0f7eswl03rlkgk

Insert Date: 02/19/99

Purge Date: 03/04/99

Publish Date: 02/18/99

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 64

Title: 'Omnipresent' CIA Said Always Involved 'in Some Way'

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-1999-0218

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe

Document Date: 18 Feb 1999

Division: Benelux Countries, West Europe

Subdivision: Belgium, Turkey

Sourceline: BR1802113199 Brussels De Morgen in Dutch 18 Feb 99 p 2

AFS Number: BR1802113199

Citysource: Brussels De Morgen

Language: Dutch

N/A

Subslug: Commentary by Frank Schlomer: "Opposite Effect"

[FBIS Translated Text] At the political level, in kidnapping the wanted PKK [Workers Party of

Kurdistan] leader Abdullah Ocalan, Turkey has achieved the opposite to what it had been

seeking for years. The fact that it was a kidnapping is now clear and the case is still shrouded

in great mystery. Ankara is so proud of what it has done that it can hardly keep quiet about the

stunt pulled off by its secret service and is now once again making incursions across the

border into neighboring Iraq in order to teach a lesson to PKK fighters who have sought refuge

there.

It remains unclear who helped Turkey. Wild rumors are circulating, but we will probably

not have to wait until someone writes their memoires before learning the true circumstances.

The US Government denies that the CIA was directly involved, but Washington always does that,

although history tells us that the omnipresent CIA always has its finger in things in some way

or other.

Israel strenuously denies that its Mossad was involved, but that too is a tradition. But even if

the denials are genuine, Israel now finds itself right at the center of the Ocalan affair. Its

diplomatic posts worldwide are guarded by Mossad personnel and yesterday Israeli agents in

Berlin shot dead three Kurdish protesters. An event which will not be without its

consequences.

Even Greece is coming under suspicion of having helped its arch enemy Turkey in capturing

Ankara's public enemy number one. It remains to be seen whether Athens acted deliberately,

involuntarily, or simply bungled it. EU members have already announced that they intend to

ask Greece for an explanation.

For years Turkey has been trying to achieve something which the capture of Abdullah Ocalan

has compromised. Ankara wanted the Kurdish question deleted from the international

political agenda. It considered it to be an internal Turkish affair of combating terrorists,

like Moscow in Chechnya and Belgrade in Kosovo. The world should stop harking on about the

Kurds, Turkey would solve this internal problem for itself.

The opposite has happened. Over recent days there has been more talk about the Kurdish

question than at any time during the years of PKK resistance and many people now realize that

the Kurds are a people with their own culture, tradition, and history, but who do not enjoy

equal rights in the country where they live. The whole world is now watching Turkey and is

seeing once again that this country has nothing but contempt for fundamental rights. How else

can you describe it when defense lawyers are banned from entering the country and

international observers for a trial are regarded as unwanted foreigners?

[Description of source: Brussels De Morgen in Dutch -- left-of-center daily]

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Article Id: FTS19990214000037

Document Id: 0f79q9u00188z6

Insert Date: 02/16/99

Purge Date: 03/01/99

Publish Date: 02/07/99

Publish Region: China

Lines: 138

Title: NATO Use of Force in Yugoslavia Opposed

Document Number: FBIS-CHI-1999-0214

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: China, East Europe

Document Date: 07 Feb 1999

Division: China, Balkan States

Subdivision: China, FYROM

Sourceline: OW1402081299 Hong Kong Wen Wei Po in Chinese 7 Feb 99 p A5

AFS Number: OW1402081299

Citysource: Hong Kong Wen Wei Po

Language: Chinese

N/A

Subslug: Article by Chu Meng-chun (0215 1322 6511): "NATO Is Playing with Fire If It Uses Force Against

Yugoslavia"

[FBIS Translated Text] [Editor's note] While NATO's real purpose in interfering in Kosovo's

affairs is to expand its sphere of influence, if it uses force, that is very likely to touch off a

regional war and threaten the security of all of Europe.

While the U.S.-dominated NATO has been deploying troops recently, constantly making

military threats against the Yugoslavian alliance and trying to solve the Kosovo crisis by

force, the result of the American and British air raids against Iraq shows that using force

only makes magnifies a crisis.

Western Interference Makes the Crisis Worse

Kosovo is a province of the Serbian Republic in the Yugoslav Federation. The Kosovo matter is an

internal affair of the Yugoslav Federation. This region has an ethnic Albanian majority and

certain Albanian separatists are plotting an independent country, forming an armed

organization. Local terrorists are also exploiting the opportunity to create incidents. In

this state of affairs, since Republic of Serbia police units from the Yugoslav Federation

have repeatedly had armed clashes with Albanian separatists and terrorists that have even

led to bloody incidents, the Kosovo situation has come to world attention.

While the Kosovo matter is a nationalist one within the Yugoslav Federation, interference by

foreign forces has turned it into a complex crisis. As to why the crisis has remained so long

unresolved, even snowballing into a worse situation, the external factors transcend the

internal ones. From the breakup of the former Yugoslavia to the war in Bosnia and on to the

Kosovo crisis, there has always been a deeply hidden international backdrop. Western

nations such as the United States have always pursued a "big stick" policy toward the Yugoslav

Federation including political isolation, economic sanctions, and military threats. In

February 1998, when the Kosovo crisis broke out, the Western powers took action, immediately

criticizing the Yugoslav authorities unilaterally. By October, without U.N.

authorization, NATO issued an ultimatum that it would launch air strikes on the Yugoslav

Federation. In 1999, NATO has been gathering its might repeatedly threatening to use force.

The West's repeated unilateral pressure on the Yugoslav Federal authorities is, in fact,

abetting the ethnic separatist forces in the Kosovo region. So in the spread and worsening of

the Kosovo crisis, the Western nations are adding fuel to the flames.

U.S. Diplomatic Officers Start Rumors

If the Western nations really want to solve the Kosovo crisis, they should do more that

would help to ease it instead of violating principles to make it worse. But certain recent

events have come close to starting a war. The European Security Organization's Kosovo

Observer Group Director Walker suddenly announced to the media on 16 January that through his

"personal on-site investigation," he has discovered that Yugoslav Federal Serbian police

units in Kosovo had "massacred 45 unarmed Albanian civilians" to "commit a brutal and

inhumane crime." Yugoslavia was very unhappy with Walker's statement. Serbian Republic

President Milosevich issued a statement on 17 January, accusing Walker of lying and

criticizing him for violating the agreement that had been reached by the European Security

Organization with the Yugoslav Federal Government. President Milosevich said that

Walker's Kosovo methods show that he no longer represents an international organization,

but is a representative and protector of separatists and terrorists. Serbian Vice Premier

Shashli openly criticized Walker as a CIA spy, saying that he deliberately lied about the

massacre of civilians in Ratchko Village, which was aimed at preparing the way for NATO

military intervention. He further stated that Yugoslavia used Walker's "lie" as grounds for

announcing that it was expelling him. Meanwhile, Walker's lie provided an excuse for NATO to

strike the Yugoslav Federation. NATO forces gathered quickly in an attempt to use force

against the Yugoslav Federation. But subsequently, under Western pressure, the Yugoslav

Federation prevented war by rescinding its decision to expel Walker. With the coordination

of the European Security Organization's Observer Group, a multinational group of forensic

doctors examined the Albanian corpses, with the initial results showing that they were all

terrorists who had died in battle, not innocent civilians. So European Security

Organization Revolving Chairman and Norwegian Foreign Minister Walbeck was forced to

rescue Walker, claiming that Walker's verdict that Yugoslav Federal Serbian police had

massacred 45 Albanian civilians was reached "impulsively." But in fact, since Walker is a

well-qualified diplomatic officer who has worked for the U.S. Department of State for 37

years, the claim that his verdict was "impulsive" is completely out of line with the facts and

hardly believable.

While certain recent compromises by the concerned parties have slightly eased the Kosovo

crisis, NATO has certainly not renounced its trump card of a military strike on the Yugoslav

Federation. U.S. Department of Defense Secretary Cohen said on 20 January that the October

1998 NATO order for an air strike against the Yugoslav Federation still stands.

Threatened Air Strikes on the Yugoslav Federation

As the world's largest military organization, the use of NATO force would seem to be

overdoing it. A large NATO force is now gathered in the Adriatic Sea, able at any time to hit

nearly any key target in the Yugoslav Federation. U.S. fighters and bombers armed with

cruise, offensive air-to-ground, and defensive air-to-air missiles are now awaiting

orders in Italy. According to the so-called new strategy of the Western nations for solving

the Kosovo crisis, they will force the Yugoslav Federation to let the Kosovo Albanians set up

an autonomous government. Westerners say that if the Yugoslav Federation rejects the new

terms, NATO will launch air strikes on it.

With NATO's interference in Kosovo's affairs already being illegal, if it uses force, that

would start a worldwide crisis. In fact, since the breakup of the Warsaw Pact, NATO should have

faded away. NATO has not only not downsized, but has intensified its outward expansion. NATO

actions such as its acceptance of the three new members of Poland, the Czech Republic, and

Hungary, its large-scale military exercises in the former Soviet region, and its continued

large-scale stationing of troops in Bosnia, readily show its real purpose in intervening in

Kosovo's affairs.

As to NATO's "new strategic concept," the United States is doing everything possible to

amend the NATO principle of "collective defense" to let NATO engage in collective military

intervention in "crises and clashes that involve common interests" beyond its "defensive

mission scope." U.S. Secretary of State Albright said at a meeting of NATO foreign ministers

on 8 December 1998 that she hoped that NATO would become an "alliance that could respond

effectively to all crises, including those beyond its defensive scope," and recommended

"making opposition to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction a basic NATO

mission." In fact, the United States favors that the NATO mission scope not be subject to

geographic limitations, so that NATO can operate willfully beyond its defensive scope,

gradually "globalizing" to become an effective tool of the global U.S. strategy of

"participation and expansion."

Since active NATO operations beyond its members' territory reflect NATO's new strategic

concept and America's "global strategy," rather than saying that NATO's actions are to solve

the Kosovo crisis it would be more appropriate to say that they are to expand its own sphere of

influence. The world needs to act in line with the norms of international relations. As a

military group of some countries, NATO should not interfere in affairs beyond the group, even

less so using or threatening to use force against other countries.

The Use of Force Has Disadvantages and No Advantages

Just as in the Iraq nuclear weapons inspection crisis, the use of force not only does not help,

but even complicates things. This would be even more so in the case of the Kosovo crisis. If NATO

uses force, the consequences are hard to predict, possibly even starting a regional war which

would threaten the security of all of Europe. Therefore, those who would try to solve the

Kosovo crisis by force had best not play with fire.

1hk1999100473ch

[Description of source: Hong Kong Wen Wei Po in Chinese -- PRC-owned daily newspaper]

THIS REPORT MAY CONTAIN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. COPYING AND DISSEMINATION IS PROHIBITED

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---------------------------------

Article Id: drchi02011999000587

Document Id: 0f6jmr403c3x05

Insert Date: 02/02/99

Purge Date: 02/15/99

Publish Date: 02/01/99

Publish Region: China

Lines: 133

Title: China: People's Daily Analyzes Kosovo Crisis

Document Number: FBIS-CHI-99-032

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: China

Document Date: 1 Feb 1999

Division: China

Subdivision: China

Sourceline: OW0102124299 Beijing Renmin Ribao in Chinese 30 Jan 99 p 3

AFS Number: OW0102124299

Citysource: Beijing Renmin Ribao

Language: Chinese

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Article by Yan Zheng (0917 2973): "Double Standard With Aim

of Suppressing Yugoslavia -- Brief Analysis of US Intervention in

Kosovo Crisis"

The Kosovo crisis in Yugoslavia has flared up again over the past

year. The central point at issue is that Albanian secessionist forces are

fighting for independence and have no scruples about resorting to violence

to achieve their political aim of building a "Greater Albania," while

Yugoslavia is doing its best to check these secessionist activities to

ensure national unity. Conflicts have thus broken out between the two

sides.

The international community, including the former Yugoslavia which has

now declared independence, maintains that Kosovo is a part of the

Yugoslavia-Serbia Republic, and that the boundary of Yugoslavia cannot be

changed. The precondition for the political solution of the Kosovo crisis

is that ethnic Albanians must give up their fight for independence and

secession, while Yugoslavia must ensure that ethnic Albanians shall enjoy

the same rights as other ethnic groups and be granted substantial autonomy.

However, the "double standards" and double-faced tactics consistently

adopted by the West have aggravated the crisis.

Long before the collapse of the former Yugoslavia in 1992 and when war

was still raging, U.S. President Bush declared in the so-called "Christmas

Warning" that the United States would take "fierce military revenge"

against Belgrade once the actions of Serbia provoked conflicts in Kosovo.

This was as good as giving the Albanian secessionist forces some kind of

"hint" and "encouragement." In April 1997, the United States organized a

round table meeting on the Kosovo question in New York. In her meeting

with these representatives of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and

representatives of the Serbian opposition party, U.S. Secretary of State

Albright directly incited ethnic Albanians to fight for their independence

when she said that the United States supported the "democratization" of

Serbia.

Armed Albanians ambushed a Serb police patrol on February 28 last

year. This triggered off armed conflicts in Kosovo. Although the United

States and the West kept saying they did not support the independence bid

by ethnic Albanians, they were in fact exerting pressure on Yugoslavia

unilaterally by arms embargo, new economic sanctions, threats of military

intervention and NATO air strike against Yugoslavia. For this reason,

illegal Albanian armed forces were able to capture over 30 percent of

Kosovo within a short time. When Yugoslavia fought back against attacks by

illegal Albanian armed forces, the United States and the West forced the

United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution Number 1199, which was

mainly directed against Yugoslavia. On October 13 last year, NATO issued

an "action order" on air strikes against Yugoslavia.

Threatened by NATO strikes, Yugoslavia made a giant concession by

pulling a large police force out of Kosovo and allowed NATO planes and

European Security Commission observers to monitor the ceasefire. It also

agreed to hold political dialog with Albanian representatives in accordance

with the "U.S" blueprint, and promised to grant substantial autonomy to

Kosovo in the Serb Republic. However, Albanian representatives refused to

hold political dialog on the ground that the Milosevic-Holbrook agreement

failed to provide assurance for Kosovo's independence. Some Albanian

extremists again seized 17 percent of Kosovo's territory and continuously

engaged in provocation.

The United States and the West did not take any effective measures to

stop the above actions by ethnic Albanians. Moreover, in order to cater to

the demands of the Albanians, U.S. mediator on the Kosovo question

Christopher Hill repeatedly dished out amendments to the peace agreement

and tried continuously to raise Kosovo's autonomous status in future in an

attempt to put Kosovo on an equal footing with the two federal republics of

Yugoslavia even though it is not the country's third republic. However,

this amendment was turned down by the ethnic Albanians because it failed to

give assurances for their independence. To the contrary, when Yugoslavia

took military action against terrorist activities by Albanian extremists,

the West deployed troops once again on the pretext of "preventing the

escalation of violence in Kosovo" and continued to threaten and suppress

Yugoslavia by "air strikes" and stricter sanctions. Former U.S. Ambassador

to NATO Robert (Robert Frowick?) and other senior military officials said

that NATO had assumed its role in finding out how to end the Kosovo

conflicts and had the ability to launch missile attacks against Serbian air

defense systems to force Yugoslavia to "submit," but had not made any

decision to take military action against Albanian armed forces.

The United States and the West were obviously adopting their "double

standards" and double-faced tactics for a reason. The United States has

always seen Yugoslavia as an important obstacle to the realization of its

Balkan strategic objectives. Yugoslavia is the only Balkan state which has

not been incorporated into the NATO security system. There are rumors that

Yugoslavia intends to join the union of states between Belarus and Russia.

The CIA has reportedly prepared a confidential document outlining plans to

overthrow Yugoslavia. The Americans are trying to suppress and weaken

Yugoslavia through intervention in the Kosovo conflicts.

The United States said that it would not be supporting Kosovo's bid

for independence. It said this not out of respect for Yugoslavia's

sovereignty and territorial integrity but because it stood in awe of

universally accepted international standards. NATO Military Committee

Chairman General Klaus Naumann noted that the West would not have the

support of the international community if it pledged its support for

Kosovo's independence. On the other hand, if Kosovo did succeed in winning

its independence, it would trigger off secessionist activities by Albanians

in Greece, Macedonia and Herzegovina and other ethnic minorities in the

Balkan states. The Balkan "powder barrel" may explode and peace and

security on the continent of Europe will be at stake. This is not in

keeping with the strategic interests of the United States and the West.

The United States on the one hand resorted to "double standards" and

double-faced tactics to instigate and encourage secessionist activities by

ethnic Albanians. On the other hand, it refused to let them win their

independence (at least for the time being). Neither did it give the

Yugoslav government a free hand to fight back and destroy the armed forces

of the Albanian secessionists. By keeping Kosovo hanging on a balance

between war and peace, it hopes to wear Yugoslavia down or ultimately force

Yugoslav to "pledge allegiance" to the United States.

1HK1999100429CH

[Description of source: Beijing Renmin Ribao in Chinese -- daily

newspaper of the CPC Central Committee (People's Daily)]

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COPYING AND DISSEMINATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT

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---------------------------------

Article Id: dreeu01201999001516

Document Id: 0f5zc02043vii8

Insert Date: 01/22/99

Purge Date: 02/04/99

Publish Date: 01/20/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 127

Title: Serbia: COMMENTARY: OPEN SOCIETY FUND BELIEVED LINKED TO CIA

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-99-020

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS TRANSLATED TEXT

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 20 Jan 1999

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Serbia

Sourceline: AU2001145099 BELGRADE BORBA IN SERBO-CROATIAN 14 JAN 99 P 5

AFS Number: AU2001145099

Citysource: BELGRADE BORBA

Language: SERBO-CROATIAN

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: COMMENTARY BY DRAGO PANTIC: "OPENLY ON SO-CALLED OPEN

SOCIETY"

COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION ARE IN A POLITICALLY WIND-SWEPT AREA UNDER

VARIOUS DESTRUCTIVE AND DESTABILIZING FACTORS THANKS TO THE POWER OF THE

DESIGNERS OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER. THE STRATEGY OF DESTROYING AND IMPOSING

ONE'S OWN WILL AND INTERESTS COMES IN A DIVERSE FORMS AND METHODS.

SOMETIMES IT IS HUMANITARIAN AID, OTHER TIMES IT'S CREDITS, OR THE STUDY OF

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, UNDER "FLEXIBLE" CONDITIONS (CAMPS, FOREIGN FAMILIES

ETC.), CONCERN FOR TALENTS, RELIGIOUS GROUPS, THE LURING OF STUDENTS AND

SCHOLARS ABROAD (PARTICULARLY REFUGEES FROM KOSOVO AND METOHIJA), VARIOUS

FUNDS AND SPONSORS SUCH AS THE "OPEN SOCIETY FUND," SPORTS, PSYCHOLOGICAL

WORKSHOPS AND CAMPS, AND SO ON. THE GIST OF IT IS TO DEVELOP A

NON-PATRIOTIC SENTIMENT AMONG THE YOUTH: THIS COUNTRY IS "DARKNESS AND

MADNESS," WHEREAS HEAVEN LIES ACROSS THE "WATER," IN ALIEN LANDS.

ON THE OTHER HAND, CERTAIN COLLEGES, SUCH AS THE FACULTIES OF

PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY IN BELGRADE, AS WELL AS NATURAL SCIENCES COLLEGES

AND INSTITUTES, CHERISH "HIGH STANDARD" SCIENTIFIC ASPIRATIONS, HUMILIATE

OUR SCIENCE AND CULTURE, MANIPULATE WITH AN EL DORADO ABROAD AND UNDERMINE

A HEALTHY CORE AND ORIENTATION OF THE INTELLIGENTSIA. WHEN THEY SPEND

THEIR BIG MONEY FOR THEIR SCHOOLING AND STUDIES (PRIMARY AND

POST-GRADUATE), THEN OUR ALIENATED "PRIVILEGED" AND "GIFTED" YOUTH SOON GET

A VISA AND PASSPORT, BECAUSE THE "COUNTRY OF THEIR BIRTH HAS NO

UNDERSTANDING FOR THEM." ALL THIS IS PART OF THE CONCEPT OF A STRUGGLE FOR

DOMINATION BETWEEN DOMESTIC MONARCHISTS AND OTHER STRUGGLERS FOR POWER AND

THEIR CHIEFS IN THE WEST AND "WEEPING" BROTHERS IN THE DIASPORA, WHO

MANIPULATE THEIR PATRIOTISM AND SERBO-DELIVERANCE.

EVERYTHING THAT HAS BEEN SAID IS LINKED WITH THE "IRON NETWORK" OF THE

SO-CALLED "OPEN SOCIETY FUND," A REPORT OF WHICH WAS CARRIED IN SOME OF OUR

MEDIA PRIOR TO THE NEW YEAR. THE DISCLOSURE OF A CIA DOCUMENT ON

SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES MERELY DRAWS THE PUBLIC'S ATTENTION TO THE CLOSE

COOPERATION AND SIMILARITY OF THESE TASKS AND THE FUND'S MISSION, PUBLICLY

REPRESENTED BY SONJA LIHT, CHAIRWOMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

WHAT WE HAVE ENABLED THESE WORLD "CIVILIZERS" AND "EDUCATORS,"

MISSIONARIES AND OFFICES OF THE NEO-FASCIST WORLD ORDER, IS EVIDENT FROM

THE STRUCTURE AND TACTICS OF THE FUND'S ACTIVITIES. ONE OF THEIR DOCUMENTS

-- "THE OPEN SOCIETY FUND HAS THE PLEASURE TO INFORM THE PEOPLE THAT IT HAS

FINANCED VARIOUS PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS IN MORE THAN 100 CITIES AND TOWNS IN

THE FRY DURING 1988" (SEE POLITIKA, 31 DECEMBER, 1998, P 46) -- SAYS THE

FOLLOWING:

IN MANY PLACES IN THE FRY, THERE ARE "OPEN CLUBS" THAT "MAINLY

ASSEMBLE YOUTH" AND THOSE THAT ARE "CENTERS FOR NEW IDEAS AND PROJECTS AND

THE AFFIRMATION OF VALUES OF TOLERANCE AND CIVIL SOCIETY."

IT STATES THAT ABOUT 10,000 CHILDREN AND YOUTH "TODAY ASSOCIATE,

STUDY, WORK AND HAVE FUN IN OPEN CLUBS," WHERE "ABOUT 300 EXPERTS WORK ALL

THE TIME, AS WELL AS MANY PARENTS," AND THAT THE "PROJECT OF TRAVELING

LIBRARIES WHICH EXPANDS COOPERATION BETWEEN CLUBS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES IS

BEING IMPLEMENTED VERY SUCCESSFULLY."

FURTHERMORE, IT SAYS "THERE ARE MANY IDENTICAL OR SIMILAR PROGRAMS,

LIKE THE ONE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, OR COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING."

REGARDING THE ABOVE, WE MUST ASK OURSELVES AS PATRIOTS, TEACHERS, AND

INTELLECTS: HOW DID THESE "OPEN CLUBS" DEVELOP, WHAT ARE THEIR PROGRAMS,

GOALS, WHO ARE THEIR ASSOCIATES, WHAT KIND OF CONTROL IS EXERCISED OVER

THIS DUBIOUS "CIVILIZATION" CARAVAN.

THE OPEN SOCIETY FUND HAS A SPECIAL DEPARTMENT CALLED "SCIENCE AND

UNIVERSITY" WHICH IS SAID IN 1998 TO HAVE "SUPPORTED NEARLY 50 UNIVERSITY,

SCIENTIFIC, AND SPECIALIZED INSTITUTIONS" (FROM SECURING FUNDS FOR RESEARCH

AND PUBLICATION, THROUGH EQUIPPING FACILITIES TO COVERING EXPENSES FOR

VISITING PROFESSORS). SO WE WONDER WHAT PARTICULAR UNIVERSITIES AND

INSTITUTIONS WOULD THESE BE, WHO ARE THESE "EDUCATORS" AND "PRIVILEGED

CIVILIZERS" OF OURS, WHO ARE THESE VISITING PROFESSORS (WHAT DID THEY TEACH

AND BY WHICH SYSTEM OF VALUES -- DID THEY DEVELOP ATTACHMENT TO THE

FATHERLAND OR ATTACHMENT TO ALIEN COUNTRIES)??? THE YUGOSLAV OPEN SOCIETY

SHOULD KNOW ALL OF THIS.

IT ALSO SAID THAT THIS PART OF THE PROGRAM "EXTENDED SPECIAL SUPPORT

TO THE STUDY OF LAW AND THE PROMOTION OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION," AND THAT

THE "HOLDING OF A SCORE OF EXPERT MEETINGS, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES, AND

SEMINARS ON PROBLEMS OF TRANSITION WAS ASSISTED." WE IMMEDIATELY ASK

OURSELVES: WHO ARE THE ORGANIZERS OF THE AFOREMENTIONED MEETINGS, TO WHAT

AIM IS THE CONCERN FOR THE LEGAL PROFESSION, WHO ARE THE "PATRIOTS" WHO

LINED THEIR POCKETS WITH THE FUND'S FEES, AND SO ON?

SONJA LIHT SET OUT IN HER REPORT THAT "WITHIN THE PROGRAM OF SUPPORT

FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, THE FOUNDING OF AN ALTERNATIVE ACADEMIC EDUCATION

SYSTEM" WAS SUPPORTED, WHICH ENCOMPASSED THE WORK OF ACADEMIC SUMMER

SCHOOLS, NON-FORMAL FORMS OF EDUCATION ON THE LEVEL OF DIPLOMATIC AND

POST-GRADUATE STUDIES IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL, HUMANIST, NATURAL SCIENCE,

AND TECHNICAL STUDIES, VIA EXPERIMENTAL AND MODULAR CLASSES, SUMMER

UNIVERSITIES, MENTOR CLASSES, SEMINARS, AND VISITS BY FOREIGN PROFESSORS.

MANY STUDENTS WERE GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO PUBLISH THEIR OWN RESEARCH AND

UNDERTAKE INDEPENDENT ACADEMIC INITIATIVES, AS WELL AS "ATTEND SUMMER

SCHOOLS ABROAD."

SO, WE HAVE ALLOWED PARALLEL, PARA-PEDAGOGIC "EDUCATIONAL" SYSTEMS TO

BE ESTABLISHED, WHILE THE LEGAL SYSTEM FALLS INTO A DEEPER CRISIS BECAUSE

IT IS UNDERMINED BY "ALTERNATIVES."

THE CIA DOCUMENT SAYS: "FIVE MILLION DOLLARS EARMARKED FOR EDUCATION

IS INTENDED FOR THE FORMATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM, SUPPORT

TO PROFESSORS WHO HAVE BEEN DISMISSED FOR REFUSING TO SIGN NEW CONTRACTS,

PROCUREMENT OF ALTERNATIVE TEACHING AID AND MATERIAL TO ENCOURAGE DEMOCRACY

AND REFUTE THE RESOLUTION."

WHO NEEDS EVIDENCE FOR THE FACT THAT THE OPEN SOCIETY FUND IS LINKED

TO THE CIA? THE "OPEN SOCIETY" OVERTLY ADVOCATES "PRISONS WITHOUT WALLS"

IN THIS PART OF THE BALKANS, ALL UNDER THE GUISE OF "EDUCATORS OF

DEMOCRACY." BY ABUSING YUGOSLAV ACADEMIC CITIZENS AND THE AUTONOMY OF THE

UNIVERSITY, THE UNITED STATES IS DESTROYING THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF

YUGOSLAVIA, PRINCIPALLY THROUGH TEACHERS SOLD TO FOREIGN MENTORS FOR

DOLLARS ("VISITING PROFESSORS") AND OFFICES OF THE NEW PRO-FASCIST ECONOMIC

ORDER.

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Article Id: dreeu01141999000148

Document Id: 0f5v6qs0116h86

Insert Date: 01/20/99

Purge Date: 02/02/99

Publish Date: 01/14/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 139

Title: Serbia: BETA Sees CIA Document Ploy as Sign of Milosevic's 'Fear'

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-99-014

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 14 Jan 1999

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Serbia, United States

Sourceline: AU1401081299 Belgrade BETA in English 14 Jan 99

AFS Number: AU1401081299

Citysource: Belgrade BETA

Language: English

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: "New Campaign in Serbia -- More of the Same" -- BETA headline

At the beginning of this week, the Serbian Government started the

toughest ever propaganda campaign against local opposition parties,

independent media and non-governmental organizations. Serbian vice

premiers, Vojislav Seselj, Ratko Markovic and Milovan Bojic accused the

media, parties and organizations at a Jan. 12 press conference in Belgrade

of working on toppling the authorities in Serbia and Yugoslavia, allegedly

on orders from the CIA. The three vice premiers showed a document,

reportedly made by the CIA, which provided a sum of US$35 million for

"treacherous" media and political parties in Serbia.

The state's propaganda machinery gave top billing to the accusations.

On the very same evening, the state-run Serbian Broadcasting Company

provided the most extensive television coverage of the event. Lengthy

excerpts from the conference were re-broadcast by BK Television owned by

businessman Bogoljub Karic, who became a minister in the Serbian cabinet at

the end of last year. A paper presented by the three ministers as a secret

CIA document was treated as indisputable evidence that the regime's

opponents, in collaboration with foreign powers, worked against their own

people and state.

The Serbian authorities' zeal at the beginning of the ongoing campaign

against their political rivals in the country is basically a clear sign of

their insecurity and fear that they might lose power. It also indicates

their readiness to defend themselves by all means available.

United States [subhead]

The document, reportedly drafted by the CIA, is identical to a

document titled "Support to Democracy in Yugoslavia," which has been

available on the United States Institute for Peace internet site for

months. The only difference was the CIA sign added to the letterhead of

the document presented by the Serbian government, accompanied with an

explanation that a strictly confidential paper was at issue.

The US Embassy in Belgrade termed on Jan. 13 the Serbian Government's

document as a "crude forgery." The embassy also said in its statement that

the false security classification and a false US Government logo were

attached to an "academic" paper entitled "Promoting Democracy in

Yugoslavia." The original document was "released publicly at a hearing of

the US Congress on Dec. 10, 1998," said the statement. "The document...

was in no way an official US Government plan. The document was rewritten

in order to discredit and taint the efforts by the United States and the

international community to support democratic change in Yugoslavia," said

the US Embassy, and accused of committing a forgery "those in Serbia who

are fearful of that change."

At a press conference in Podgorica, held on that same day, US special

envoy for the Balkans Robert Gelbard called the Serbian deputy premiers

liars and totalitarian persons. "They have continued to spread lies among

the Serbian and Yugoslav people in general, and, therefore, they have

managed to give their contribution to the horrible collapse of Serbia's

economy and the vast increase of totalitarian activity against the media,

university and civic society as a whole," said Gelbard.

Campaign [subhead]

The Serbian Government's latest campaign was obviously launched in

order to divert public attention from the crisis in Serbia's province of

Kosovo, where the army and the police face the Albanian guerrilla's strong

pressures they are unable to respond to efficiently. The campaign is

basically a bid to convince the local public once more that the troubles

the country and the people are faced with are not the responsibility of the

authorities, but rather national enemies. The Serbian vice premiers went

so far as to openly say that they will take no measures against those they

call traitors and foreign mercenaries, and that their chief goal was to

"expose them publicly." Most of the citizens still find the national

broadcasters the main source of information, so any evidence that the

alleged CIA document was a forgery will not reach them anyway.

Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic encounters myriad problems in

Kosovo, and he will soon have to start internationally-mediated

negotiations with the Albanians, to whom he is supposed to make significant

concessions. This is contrary to the official position that Kosovo is

Serbia's internal affair, and that the province must stay within Serbia.

The latest propaganda assault on the political rivals in the country is

aimed to make it impossible for them to use the Kosovo events for denying

the regime's capability to preserve its own territory.

What obviously worries Milosevic most is the announced US support to

the opposition blocs in Serbia. The democratic opposition in Serbia is

too weak to exert any serious pressure on the authorities alone. However,

the Yugoslav president is fully aware that the increasingly obvious defeat

of his policy in Kosovo makes him more and more vulnerable, and that even a

weak opposition, with the world's strong support, may seriously shake his

position.

Opposition [subhead]

The opposition parties, independent media and non-governmental

organizations sharply reacted on those accusations, seeing them as an

attempt at diverting the public attention from the problems the country

faced. President of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia

Sonja Biserko told BETA that she expected the authorities to bring up the

issue of non-governmental organizations' funding in order to place them

under their control.

Last autumn, Bojic and Serbian Information Minister, Radical

Aleksandar Vucic, summoned all editor-in-chiefs of the Serbian media to the

government, hurled threats on them, accused them of "betrayal" and the lack

of patriotism. The government decree banning the re-broadcasting of

foreign radio programs and a new, extremely restrictive information law

followed and paved the way to the campaign against the Serbian media.

Leaders of the Alliance for Changes, the strongest democratic

opposition bloc that brings together some 30 political parties and

associations, branded the campaign as the beginning of a "witch hunt." The

parties comprising the bloc believe that the government's move was

"indecent, dishonest and undermining" and that it causes a huge damage to

the state.

The largest parliamentary opposition party Serbian Renewal Movement

focused its criticism on Seselj, the leader of the Serbian Radical Party.

The Renewal Movement accused Seselj of planting the forgery to the

government, but it was not too critical as to the government's decision to

start the ruthless campaign against its political rivals and independent

media. The Renewal Movement's behavior was conditioned by a pronounced

wish of the party to exclude Seselj's Radicals from the Serbian government

and become a coalition partner of the Socialist Party of Serbia and the

Yugoslav Left. Well informed sources close to the Serbian authorities say

that the Renewal Movement has already started to negotiate with the two

parties on its entry into the federal government.

[Description of Source: BETA: Private news agency with independent

editorial policies]

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---------------------------------

Article Id: dreeu01141999000145

Document Id: 0f5o2sn04dj5x1

Insert Date: 01/16/99

Purge Date: 01/29/99

Publish Date: 01/14/99

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 171

Title: Serbia: Serbian Daily Assesses US Policy on Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-99-014

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 14 Jan 1999

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Serbia, United States, Albania

Sourceline: AU1401080799 Belgrade Vecernje Novosti in Serbo-Croatian 10 Jan 99 pp 2,3

AFS Number: AU1401080799

Citysource: Belgrade Vecernje Novosti

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Borislav Lalic: "The Albanian Connection"

Here in Washington, it has already become customary for the State

Department to react to every incident in Kosovo, particularly if it

involves the Serb side, with a special statement, or at least a remark by

its spokesman.

This was not the case with Adem Demaci's recent "diplomatic mission"

to Tirana, in his capacity as the spokesman and political representative of

the Siptar [derogatory term for Albanian] terrorist organization, the OVK

[Kosovo Liberation Army -- UCK in Albanian].

There is no doubt that such "contacts" between Tirana and the Albanian

separatists from Kosovo existed before, but, this time, the two sides tried

to give this mission a more formal level in an obvious attempt to bolster

the legitimacy of the OVK, which is endeavoring to assume the role of a

political factor in the negotiations on the future of Kosovo with the

implicit concurrence of the international community.

On that occasion, Albanian Foreign Minister Paskal Milo "hailed the

heroic war of the Kosovo Albanians." Albanian Prime Minister Pandeli Majko

gave similar support to the OVK, as did local opposition leader Sali

Berisha, who has been involved personally in the bloody Kosovo events.

Openly, with no holds barred, Tirana has given full support to those who

are working to destroy the constitutional system in a neighboring country

as well as its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Washington has remained deaf to all this, as it did a few weeks ago

when Ibrahim Rugova said that he controlled the OVK.

In normal circumstances and in some other part of the world, Tirana's

flagrant support for terrorism in a neighboring country would have drawn

strong protests from the international community, and Rugova would have

undermined his own chances of being a negotiator. Terrorists and those who

support them can hardly hope to be negotiators anywhere in the world until

they renounce terrorism.

The people in Washington are bound to know that they have to start

with Albania and the disarmament of the OVK if they want to resolve the

Kosovo problem.

Albania has often been described as "no smaller a country, no bigger a

problem." However, Albania is no longer a problem for itself alone, it is

a problem for others as well.

Richard Holbrooke said recently that "the chaotic situation in

Albania" was the main center of crisis in the Balkans. Until the situation

there calms down, there can be no stability in this part of the world,

particularly not in neighboring Kosovo, where ties with Albania are not

only ethnic, but which acts together with Albania along capillary

principles, mutually fueling the crisis.

The Americans must have known about the "Albanian virus" earlier, even

before Richard Holbrooke's belated "discovery." The Albanian terrorists

took advantage of that chaotic situation in the "fraternal country" and

armed themselves to the teeth and set up their training camps and

recruitment centers for enlisting foreign "volunteers." That is the source

of "fresh forces," money, weapons, and open support for the "heroic

struggle" to destroy the constitutional system and territorial integrity of

a neighboring country.

And all that Washington has to say about that is to issue a statement

warning its citizens against traveling to Albania and, if they are already

there, advising them to leave as soon as possible, because the situation in

that country is not safe.

Naturally, no one can expect Washington to react to every crisis

center in the world. But the Balkans, Kosovo, and Albania are not just any

crisis center, they are to a large extent a US crisis spot, because by

tolerating the terrorist OVK and Tirana's course of action, it has done a

lot to bring the Kosovo crisis to a head.

Besides, the United States and NATO have already entrenched themselves

in the Balkans. A US-brokered peace has already been implemented in

Bosnia, a US peace concept has also been applied in Kosovo, NATO is in

Bosnia, and in Albania and Macedonia. The US verifiers are everywhere in

Kosovo, both on land and in the air.

So there have been plenty of reasons for Washington to warn Albania

that it has enough problems as it is, that it should stop exporting chaos

to neighboring Yugoslavia, and that it should compel the Siptar terrorists

from Kosovo to lay down their arms.

It is extremely unlikely that Washington did not know all about this

affair. The CIA knew everything from the start. The CIA was also not

oblivious to what the Sunday Times published recently quoting the Albanian

secret service, that the notorious Saudi terrorist Usamah Bin-Ladin, for

whose head the State Department is offering $5 million, had a terrorist

base in Albania and that he used it to dispatch "volunteers" to fight

against the Serbs in Kosovo.

Now, when with the help of US diplomacy and brutal NATO pressure, some

kind of cease-fire has been reached in Kosovo, and when Washington regards

the Kosovo Peace package as its "achievement," as it regarded Dayton,

Clinton's administration has finally realized that Albania, with its

"chaos," could jeopardize all this.

That is, however, only part of the truth. The whole truth is that

there would have been no war or terrorism in Kosovo were it not for the

"support" of the Albanian side, were it not for the "Albanian connection"

in providing logistical support.

The Americans were well acquainted with this too. Last month, the New

York Times published a very well documented text about the functioning of

this "Albanian connection," which also has its branch office here, in

Brooklyn. This center was used by the Albanian emigrants living in the

United States to raise more than $100 million, which they sent to the

separatists and the OVK in Kosovo. All of that was channeled through

Albania and with the tacit permission of the US authorities.

There is still no real name here for the Albanian terrorists in

Kosovo. There is a whole set of laws and a special team in the State

Department that deals with international terrorism. Some local experts say

that the OVK is a classic example of a terrorist organization, even

according to the US definition of terrorism.

Clinton's administration, however, not only refuses to include the OVK

on its list of terrorist organizations, but it maintains regular contacts

with the leaders of that terrorist organization, here, as well as in Kosovo

and in Europe. US State Department chief Madeleine Albright recently

warned the OVK to stop with their violence or run the risk of "losing the

support of the international community."

What we are dealing with here is not a definition of terrorism, or

Ibrahim Rugova's two-time game, or the wild chaos emanating from Albania.

It is not a question of Washington's inability to restrain the Albanian

side. Today, even Kosovo-based US correspondents say that the Albanian

side has been "omitted" from the Kosovo peace package and that there is no

one to tell the Albanian terrorists to stop. From all of this, the OVK has

drawn the only logical conclusion: that the United States and NATO are

backing them after all, and that therefore they can proceed with the war

for the secession of Kosovo.

And that is just what they are doing, and they will continue until

Washington tells them to stop. Only the United State is capable of

bringing the separatists to the negotiating table. One day, when

Washington utters the word "terrorism," that will be the day that the

Kosovo negotiations will start.

This has still not happened. The Kosovo crisis has evidently still

not hit rock bottom. We ask: what is it that Washington wants with Kosovo,

what is behind this indeterminate, tactically measured, and more-or-less

benevolent US attitude toward the "Albanian factor" in its overall

administration of the Kosovo crisis?

However, we should not doubt Washington's view that the United States

truly does not want any changes of Yugoslav borders and that it is against

the secession of Kosovo.

But, why then is there such tolerance for the Albanian separatists and

their foreign helpers, when they want something totally opposite: the

destruction of Yugoslavia and changes of its borders?

The likely answer is that Washington has probably assessed that it has

still not finished all its work in the Balkans, that it has not blended in

completely, and that Yugoslavia could perhaps be its greatest obstacle.

Therefore, with its "Albanian wildcard" in hand, it still wants to squeeze

and extort Yugoslavia in order to weaken its negotiating and generally

Balkan position even more.

All of this, again, fits into the US strategic vision of its own place

and role in European affairs, because the Balkan Peninsula has always been

the region where all European issues intersect.

In any case, the Albanian syndrome in Kosovo and around Kosovo is at

the heart of many far more profound and consequential issues than the issue

of autonomy for the Kosovo Albanian population in that province. The

United States has many issues to resolve there, which are far more pressing

than Albanian self-government.

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Article Id: dreeu12181998001895

Document Id: 0f4dvyx01pigee

Insert Date: 12/22/98

Purge Date: 01/04/99

Publish Date: 12/18/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 1276

Title: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: US, NATO 'NEOCOLONIALISM' DECRIED

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-352

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS TRANSLATED TEXT

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 18 Dec 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Croatia

Sourceline: AU1812191998 ZAGREB HRVATSKI VOJNIK IN SERBO-CROATIAN NOV 98 PP 31-41

AFS Number: AU1812191998

Citysource: ZAGREB HRVATSKI VOJNIK

Language: SERBO-CROATIAN

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: ARTICLE BY PETAR JURIC: "ASYMMETRICAL WARS: THE REALITY OF THE

THIRD MILLENNIUM: PART THREE: NEOCOLONIALISM IN THE NAME OF

DEMOCRACY"--FIRST PARAGRAPH IS HRVATSKI VOJNIK INTRODUCTION

THE WORLD IS ENTERING THE FINAL PHASE OF TRANSFORMATION ON THE ROAD TO

A "NEW REALITY." THE FORCES BEHIND THAT TRANSFORMATION ARE MANY--FROM

PEOPLE TO NATURE ITSELF. HORRIBLE IMAGES OF THE SCENE FOLLOWING HURRICANE

MITCH, WHICH LITERALLY RAVAGED CENTRAL AMERICA, THEREBY CLAIMING

INESTIMABLE HUMAN CASUALTIES AND INFLICTING ENORMOUS MATERIAL DAMAGE. THE

OMNIPRESENCE OF HUMANS AND THEIR DISRUPTION OF THE BALANCE--FROM THE

ECOLOGICAL BALANCE TO THE BALANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW--IS INEVITABLE.

CENTERS OF CRISIS THAT FLARE UP AROUND THE WORLD ARE MODERN-DAY

SOCIOPOLITICAL LABORATORIES THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO MAKE THAT PROCESS

POSSIBLE.

THE MODERN NEOCOLONIALISM BEING EXECUTED BY THE UNITED STATES HAS

VARIOUS ASPECTS (ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL, SECURITY, CULTURAL, SPIRITUAL, AND SO

ON), WHEREBY IT IS MAKING THE GREATEST HEADWAY PRECISELY IN THE AREA OF

CULTURE AND THE MIND (CELLULOID AND DIGITIZED ILLUSIONS AND DREAMS). ALL OF

EUROPE, AS WELL AS THE REST OF THE WORLD, IS BEING INFECTED BY THIS

PESTILENCE. THE VERACITY OF THIS ASSERTION IS CONFIRMED BY CHARLES

TRUEHART, WRITING IN THE WASHINGTON POST: "AMERICANS ABROAD WILL CERTAINLY

BE ASTOUNDED BY SIGNS OF THE GLOBAL REACH OF U.S. CULTURE: NIKE SPORTS

EQUIPMENT, THE GAP OR DISNEY, THE MICROSOFT OR NBA LOGO, AND IMAGES OF

LEONARDO DI CAPRIO OR MONICA LEWINSKY."

BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE WORLD, OR PART OF IT, SHOWS

UNCOOPERATIVENESS TOWARD THE VIRTUAL REALITY AND BLESSINGS OF

CELLULOID-DIGITAL DREAMS AND ILLUSIONS, AND THE CONDUCT OF ITS EMERGING

HEROES IN THE GREAT GLOBAL DEMOCRATIC WORKSHOP? IN THAT CASE, TESTED AND

TRUE INSTRUMENTS ARE DEPLOYED: MILITARY FORCE AND METHODS OF OPERATION FROM

THE ARSENAL OF SPECIALIZED WAR. IF NECESSARY, POLITICAL LACKEYS ARE ALSO

SENT IN FOR CRASH TRAINING ON HOW TO UTILIZE DEMOCRATIC INSTRUMENTS FOR

EXTREMELY TOTALITARIAN GOALS: TAKING POWER AT ANY COST.

BUT BEFORE WE IDENTIFY THE PRESENT-DAY INTERNATIONAL PRESSURES AIMED

AT THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, LET US ATTEMPT TO EXAMINE THE INTERNATIONAL

LEGAL FRAMEWORKS WITHIN WHICH THEY ARE TAKING PLACE OR, TO BE MORE PRECISE,

THEY WILL HAVE TO TAKE PLACE IN THE FUTURE, AS WELL AS THE GEOSTRATEGIC

TERMS OF REFERENCE WHICH, THROUGH THEIR WEIGHT, IMPACT OUR EVERYDAY

SITUATION, WHICH IS MANIFESTED BY OPEN CALLS FOR CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE BY THE

OPPOSITION, BUT ALSO BY A NUMBER OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS. BY

EXAMINING THESE ASPECTS, IT IS VERY EASY TO OBSERVE THE GIVE AND TAKE

BETWEEN INTERNAL POLITICAL EVENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ONES--FROM THE BROADER

SOUTHERN AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE REGION TO THE GLOBAL LEVEL. INDEED, EVER

SINCE THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL, FULL-FLEDGED EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN

THIS REGION TO ESTABLISH POLITICAL, DIPLOMATIC, AND SECURITY PRECEDENTS BY

THOSE--AND WE WILL SEE EXACTLY WHO THIS IS LATER IN THIS ARTICLE--WHO WISH

TO ORGANIZE THE WORLD IN "THEIR OWN IMAGE." ALSO IN THE SPIRIT OF WHAT WAS

SAID ABOVE, WE SEE THAT SINCE THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE BIPOLAR DIVISION, A

BITTER BATTLE HAS BEEN UNDER WAY FOR 10 YEARS NOW BETWEEN TWO CONCEPTS OF

THE NEW WORLD--THE ONE THAT ASPIRES TO MULTIPOLARITY AND THE ONE THAT

ASPIRES TO UNIPOLARITY. ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE RATHER RECKLESS TO SAY SO, FOR

ALL THESE 10 YEARS A NUMBER OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN THIS GAME HAVE BEEN MORE

OR LESS UNAWARE OF THESE EVENTS, AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH HAS BEEN THE RATHER

CONFUSED FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONFLICT IN THE FORMER

YUGOSLAVIA ON THE PART OF MOST LEADING EUROPEAN POLITICIANS WHO WERE IN A

POSITION TO INFLUENCE THESE PROCESSES AT THE TIME.

CLASH OF PRINCIPLES

THE QUESTION OF WHETHER NATO SHOULD INTERVENE MILITARILY IN KOSOVO

BRINGS WITH IT A CLASH BETWEEN TWO PRINCIPLES: ON THE ONE HAND, APPLICABLE

INTERNATIONAL LAW, WHICH PROTECTS THE SOVEREIGNTY OF NATIONAL STATES, AND

ON THE OTHER HAND THE HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLE ACCORDING TO WHICH ONE MUST

NOT SIT IDLY BY WHILE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE FREEZE TO DEATH.

IF WE EXAMINE THE PROBLEM FROM THAT PERSPECTIVE, IT IS EASY TO SEE

THAT THE UNITED STATES, WITH ITS DEMAND FOR RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS,

FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA, TRANSPARENCY, AND SO ON, IS PERHAPS HOLDING IN ITS

HANDS THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE WEAPON OF THE 20TH CENTURY, WITH WHICH IT IS

ASPIRES TO A SITUATION IN WHICH IT CAN DESTROY THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL

SYSTEM OF LAW THROUGH SPECULATIVE DIPLOMACY, A BROAD RANGE OF ASYMMETRICAL

ACTIONS, AND STROKES OF THE PEN. BUT IN ANY EVENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MORALITY REMAINS MUDDLED: WHICH IS HIGHER AND WHICH

IS LOWER, INTERNATIONAL LAW OR HUMAN RIGHTS? AND WHILE WORLD SECURITY IS

CONSTITUTED ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, THIS COULD NOT BE SAID OF

HUMAN RIGHTS, BUT THEIR ARROGATION BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR BY ONE OF THE

MEMBER-STATES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY REMAINS PROBLEMATIC. BECAUSE

IF A STATE'S ACTIONS WHICH ARE CORRECTLY ATTRIBUTED TO RESPECT FOR HUMAN

RIGHTS RESULTS IN A DISRUPTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER OF STATES AND THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ORDER OF CHAOS, THEN THEY UNDERMINE THE CONDITIONS

UNDER WHICH HUMAN RIGHTS EVEN HAVE A CHANCE OF BEING GENERALLY APPLIED AND

OF FULFILLING THEIR BASIC ROLE--TO PROTECT HUMAN LIVES IN THE

SOCIOPOLITICAL COMMUNITY. BUT THAT IS NOT THE GOAL OF THE IDEOLOGISTS OF

TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES ANYWAY.

CERTAINLY THIS PROBLEM REMAINS AN ACADEMIC BUT ALSO A POLITICAL AND

GLOBAL SECURITY QUESTION, BOTH FOR JURISTS AND FOR POLITICIANS. IN RECENT

WEEKS THIS DEBATE, WHICH HAS BEEN LARGELY HIDDEN FROM THE EYES OF THE

PUBLIC, HAS BEEN VERY DRAMATIC. ALL THAT THE PUBLIC HAS SEEN HAS BEEN THE

DIPLOMATIC-SPECULATIVE HOLBROOKE-MILOSEVIC WRANGLING AND THE TAKEOFFS AND

LANDINGS OF AIRCRAFT FROM U.S. CARRIERS AND NATO BASES. DESPITE THE FACT

THAT THE HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE IN KOSOVO, FOR EXAMPLE, HAS BEEN RESOLVED

IN AN ACCEPTABLE WAY, A CRUCIAL QUESTION REMAINS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL

COMMUNITY: "WOULD MILITARY STRIKES AGAINST THE FRY OVER THE KOSOVO CRISIS

WITHOUT A UN MANDATE BE COVERED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW?" IN CONTRAST TO

JURISTS, THE POLITY IN THE PERSON OF U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE MADELEINE

ALBRIGHT HAS FOUND A RESPONSE: "THERE IS A LEGAL BASIS FOR THE NATO

OPERATION." THE CRISIS-CUM-HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE JUSTIFIES THE U.S.

SECRETARY OF STATE'S INTENTION TO PERSUADE OTHERS THAT "WHOEVER HAS POWER

AND MORALITY ON HIS SIDE ALSO HAS JUSTICE." THAT VIEW IS NOT SHARED BY ALL

MEMBER OF THE NATO ALLIANCE, HOWEVER.

THE UN CHARTER, A SORT OF CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMUNITY OF STATES,

CONTAINS A GENERAL BAN ON THE USE OF FORCE (ARTICLE 2, NUMBER 4). THUS, THE

BASIC RULE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW STILL APPLIES. ANYONE WHO VIOLATES IT IS

THE PERPETRATOR OF AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL OFFENSIVE WAR. EXCEPTIONS TO THE BAN

ON THE USE OF FORCE ARE CLEARLY SPELLED OUT. ON THE ONE HAND, THE

INDIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE SELF-DEFENSE OF AN ATTACKED COUNTRY IS PERMITTED

(ARTICLE 51). HOWEVER, THAT APPLIES ONLY TO CONFLICTS BETWEEN STATES. IN

THIS WAY, KUWAIT AND ITS ALLIES IN THE GULF WAR, FOR EXAMPLE, INVOKED THE

RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE. IN CONTRAST, KOSOVO IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT STATE, BUT

RATHER PART OF THE FRY, AND FOR THAT REASON ARTICLE 51 DOES NOT APPLY. AS A

SECOND EXCEPTION TO THE BAN ON THE USE OF FORCE, CHAPTER VI OF THE CHARTER

STATES THAT THE SECURITY COUNCIL CAN TAKE MILITARY MEASURES "TO PRESERVE OR

RESTORE WORLD PEACE OR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY."

THE CONVENTION ON GENOCIDE ALSO CONTAINS NO SANCTION OF INVOLVEMENT BY

THIRD-PARTY COUNTRIES. AGAIN, THE SECURITY COUNCIL IS AUTHORITATIVE. IN THE

CASE OF KOSOVO, THE UNITED STATES ARGUES THAT THE BLOCKADE OF THE SECURITY

COUNCIL (BY RUSSIA) SHOULD NOT LEAD TO INACTION IN THE FACE OF CRIMES

AGAINST HUMANITY, AND THAT IN SUCH CASES A "RIGHT TO HUMANITARIAN

INTERVENTION" THROUGH MILITARY MEASURES IS ALLOWED IN ORDER TO PROTECT

MINORITIES. BUT THAT RIGHT IS NOT RECOGNIZED AS A STANDARD INTERNATIONAL

RIGHT, AND ALL MILITARY STRIKES (WHENEVER AND WHEREVER THEY OCCUR) WITHOUT

A UN MANDATE WOULD BE A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.

THUS, A SCENARIO IN WHICH AFTER SETTING A "VALID" PRECEDENT (IT IS

NECESSARY TO RECALL THE INITIAL CONDITIONS THAT PRECEDED THIS YEAR'S

ESCALATION OF THE KOSOVO CRISIS; SEE HRVATSKI VOJNIK, NO 34, "CRISIS AS

CREATIVE STATE OF GLOBAL POLITICS," PP 20-23), NATO WOULD RECEIVE A MANDATE

FOR MILITARY INTERVENTION THROUGH WHICH IT WOULD DEEM ITSELF ABLE TO

INTERVENE IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF SOVEREIGN STATES WITHOUT A MANDATE

FROM THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING HUMAN OR

MINORITY RIGHTS IN THE STATE IN QUESTION, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD REPRESENT A

DISRUPTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM, AND THUS OF ORDER AS WELL,

ALL FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXTREMELY RELATIVIZED "PEACE INITIATIVES AND

POLICIES." THOSE STATES WHICH DO NOT DEVOTE PRIORITY ATTENTION TO THIS

ASPECT RIGHT NOW ARE JEOPARDIZING THE ENTIRE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY,

ESPECIALLY IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT ONE CRISIS IS ENOUGH TO ESTABLISH A

PRECEDENT, AFTER WHICH NOTHING WILL EVER BE THE SAME AGAIN. THE COMING

PERIOD DOES NOT LEAVE ENOUGH TIME FOR THEORIZING, ESPECIALLY IF ONE

CONSIDERS THE FACT THAT SOME OF THE ACTORS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THESE AND

SIMILAR EVENTS ARE BEING EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE IN PUTTING FORWARD THEIR

STANCES AND FUTURE VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THROUGH THE WORLD

MEDIA. THIS CURRENT POLITICAL-LEGAL INTERLUDE (LINKED TO THE KOSOVO CRISIS)

CAUSED BY THE CHANGE IN THE SEASONS OUGHT TO MAKE TWO THINGS POSSIBLE: ON

THE ONE HAND, THE TWO OPPOSING SIDES MUST SUSPEND THEIR MILITARY ACTIVITY

FOR THE WINTER THAT IS APPROACHING AND ALLOW THE REFUGEES TO RETURN HOME OR

FIND BETTER SHELTER, THEREBY BEING DISPLACED FROM THE TELEVISION SCREEN.

DURING THAT PERIOD, THE "WEST" SHOULD DEVELOP A POLITICAL PROGRAM TO

DESTABILIZE MILOSEVIC, WHILE ON THE OTHER HAND, WITHIN ITS OWN RANKS,

COMING UP WITH NEW FORMS OF SECURITY AND A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM AND HUMAN RIGHTS. IF SUCH AN APPROACH IS NOT

AGREED TO DURING THE SHORT DAYS AND LONG WINTER NIGHTS, THE EXPERIMENTAL

CRISIS LABORATORIES (POLITICAL-LEGAL WORKSHOPS) COULD FIND THEMSELVES BACK

AT SQUARE ONE AS SOON AS SPRING ARRIVES. AND NOT ONLY IN SOUTHEASTERN

EUROPE, BUT ALSO BEYOND, ESPECIALLY IN THOSE AREAS WHERE THAT HAS BEEN

INCONCEIVABLE UP TO NOW BECAUSE OF, AS THEY SAY, A HIGH LEVEL OF AWARENESS

AND THE RESULTING LEVEL OF CIVILIZATION IN RELATIONS BETWEEN STATES. (MORE)

99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

CLASH OF UNIPOLARITY AND MULTIPOLARITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

ANOTHER OPTION IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA, AS OPPOSED TO MULTIPOLARITY,

IS UNIPOLARITY. NATURALLY, THIS AGAIN RAISES THE QUESTION OF A NEW

INTERNATIONAL ORDER. WE CAN ALREADY FIND AN INDICATION OF THE PROSPECTS OF

THIS TENDENCY IN THE PAGES OF THE RESPECTED INTERNATIONAL HERALD-TRIBUNE:

"INTERNATIONAL LAW AS IT CURRENTLY EXISTS IS A COMPILATION OF INDIVIDUAL

AND JOINT INITIATIVES WHICH WERE SOMETIMES WILLINGLY ACCEPTED AND SOMETIMES

IMPOSED BY POWERFUL COUNTRIES."

THE PROBLEM WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW IS THAT IT IS NOT A LAW, THE

NEWSPAPER EMPHASIZES, ADDING THAT THE STANDARD VIEW IS THAT "A LAW

PRESUPPOSES THE EXISTENCE OF A SOVEREIGN INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITY TO

PROMULGATE AND ENFORCE IT." "THE UNITED NATIONS IS NOT SUCH AN AUTHORITY,"

THE INTERNATIONAL HERALD-TRIBUNE DECLARES.

THE ENTIRE CAMPAIGN AGAINST INTERNATIONAL LAWS "IS PART OF A BROAD,

CONTEMPORARY ATTACK ON THE IMPUNITY OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES," THE U.S.

PUBLICATION CONTINUES. THE ISSUE OF CHILEAN GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET AND

THE POSSIBLE NATO INTERVENTION IN KOSOVO ARE CITED AS UNSOLVABLE PROBLEMS

UNDER CURRENT "INTERNATIONAL LAWS." U.S. NEGOTIATOR RICHARD HOLBROOKE HAS

CALLED NATO ACTION IN KOSOVO A PRECEDENT BECAUSE THAT WOULD BE THE "FIRST

TIME IN HISTORY THAT A MILITARY ORGANIZATION ASSUMES THE RIGHT TO MILITARY

INTERVENTION IN A SOVEREIGN COUNTRY IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE POPULACE OF

THAT COUNTRY FROM ITS OWN LEADERS."

WHEN IT COMES TO PRECEDENTS, KOSOVO REMAINS AN INEVITABLE OBJECT OF

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC WRANGLING, AND CLEARLY NOT WITHOUT GOOD

REASON. THE KOSOVO PANDEMONIUM [GALIMATIJAS] HAS BEEN EXPLAINED BY U.S.

SPECIAL ENVOY RICHARD HOLBROOKE IN AN INTERVIEW WITH THE GERMAN WEEKLY DIE

ZEIT IN WHICH HE SAID THAT NATO ACTION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND KOSOVO HAS

ESTABLISHED A PRECEDENT FOR FUTURE ACTIONS BY THAT ALLIANCE. "THE ALLIANCE

CANNOT SIMPLY DECIDE TO GO SOMEWHERE AND UNILATERALLY START A WAR,"

HOLBROOKE SAID IN RESPONSE TO A QUESTION ABOUT WHETHER A HUMANITARIAN

CRISIS LIKE THE ONE IN KOSOVO GIVES NATO THE RIGHT TO ATTACK A SOVEREIGN

COUNTRY. "BUT IT HAS DEMONSTRATED TWICE NOW THAT IT IS CAPABLE OF ACTING IN

AREAS WHERE IT HAD NO PREVIOUS INVOLVEMENT. THAT IS CERTAINLY A PRECEDENT,

ALTHOUGH IT MUST BE REGARDED WITH CAUTION." THE AIR RAIDS IN

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WERE CARRIED OUT UNDER A UN MANDATE, BUT IN KOSOVO NATO

IS ON UNSURE GROUND, BECAUSE THE UNITED NATIONS HAS CONDEMNED THE SERBIAN

ATTACKS BUT NOT PROVIDED AN EXPLICIT MANDATE FOR ATTACK, THANKS IN PART TO

THE ALMOST CERTAIN VETO OF SUCH A DECISION BY RUSSIA. LATER IN THE

INTERVIEW, HOLBROOKE SAID THAT THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAS NOT LOST ITS

SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE OF NATO'S WILLINGNESS TO ACT EVEN WITHOUT ITS

PERMISSION. "BUT ANYONE WHO THINKS THAT THE SECURITY COUNCIL MUST HAVE A

MONOPOLY ON POWER IS GIVING THE WORLD'S GREATEST TYRANTS JUSTIFICATION FOR

BULLYING THEIR OWN PEOPLE." HOLBROOKE TOLD DIE ZEIT THAT NATO IS READY TO

ATTACK THE SERBS IF THEY DO NOT RESPECT THE AGREEMENT ON KOSOVO, INCLUDING

THE WITHDRAWAL OF FORCES AND THE ARRIVAL OF INTERNATIONAL OBSERVERS TO

SUPERVISE THE CEASE-FIRE. "WE HAVE ACHIEVED MORE THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS THAN

WE WOULD HAVE OBTAINED THROUGH BOMBING, BUT IF MILOSEVIC DOES NOT LIVE UP

TO HIS OBLIGATIONS, THEN WE CAN CHANGE OUR STANDPOINT AND BEGIN BOMBING,"

DIE ZEIT QUOTES HOLBROOKE AS SAYING. "THIS THREAT IS VERY SERIOUS AND WILL

REMAIN SO."

THIS SAME LINE OF THINKING IS SHARED BY REPUBLICAN U.S. SENATOR

WILLIAM ROTH, WHO IS ALSO THE PRESIDENT OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC ASSEMBLY. IN

HIS REPORT ENTITLED "NATO IN THE 21ST CENTURY," WHICH WILL BE DISCUSSED AT

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE COUNCIL THIS MONTH, HE ARGUES THAT NATO'S ZONE OF

ACTIVITY MUST BE SIGNIFICANTLY ENLARGED IN THE FUTURE. PRESENTING A VIEW

THAT WILL PROBABLY APPALL A MAJORITY OF THE EUROPEAN ALLIES, TO SAY NOTHING

OF RUSSIA AND CHINA, ROTH BELIEVES THAT IT WOULD BE DESIRABLE FOR NATO TO

GET A MANDATE FROM THE SECURITY COUNCIL, BUT IF THAT WAS NOT FORTHCOMING

THEN IT WOULD HAVE THE OPTION OF ACTING ON ITS OWN. "NATO MUST MAINTAIN

FREEDOM OF ACTION," ROTH'S REPORT STATES. "ALTHOUGH ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE

ALLIANCE WOULD UNQUESTIONABLY PREFER TO ACT UNDER A UN MANDATE, THEY SHOULD

NOT LIMIT THEMSELVES TO CASES WHERE SUCH A MANDATE CAN BE OBTAINED," ROTH

ADDS. IN HIS WORDS, NATO ACTIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON "CORRESPONDING

LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY," BUT HE DOES NOT SPECIFY WHAT THIS AUTHORITY MIGHT

BE.

FORMER U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE HENRY KISSINGER HAS ALSO EXPRESSED HIS

OPINION ON "TOMAHAWK DIPLOMACY" AND THE MOST DEMANDING CURRENT CRISIS IN

THE WORLD: "THE GOAL OF NATO ATTACKS ON THE FRY, WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF A

SCENARIO OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN THE HEART OF THE BALKANS (ON THE PERIPHERY

OF EUROPE, EDITOR'S NOTE), SURPASSES MY POWERS OF COMPREHENSION, UNLESS

THEY ONE ELEMENT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A BROADER PLAN FOR RESOLVING

CONFLICTS." KISSINGER ALSO DISPUTES THE VIEW THAT THE YUGOSLAV PRESIDENT

BEARS SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THIS SITUATION: "THE ETHNIC CRISIS IN THE

MIDDLE OF THE BALKANS CANNOT BE CAUSED BY ONE PERSON ALONE. THIS IS A

TRAGEDY SHAPED BY THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY, WHICH

HAVE BEEN CLASHING ON THE BALKAN CHESSBOARD FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS NOW."

WHAT ELUDES THE BRILLIANT MIND OF THE COLD WAR DIPLOMAT IS THE PROCESS OF

ESTABLISHING PRECEDENTS, SO CLEARLY ADDRESSED BY RICHARD HOLBROOKE AND U.S.

SENATOR WILLIAM ROTH, WHICH IS SUPPOSED TO SERVE AS THE FOUNDATION FOR THE

TRANSFORMATION OF THE OLD NATO INTO A "NATO FOR THE 21ST CENTURY." AND IT

IS PRECISELY HERE THAT ONE FINDS AN ANSWER TO THE ABSURDITY OF THE

UNSELECTIVE AND MASS BOMBING OF A TERRITORY SEIZED BY ETHNIC CONFLICT,

INHABITED PRIMARILY BY CIVILIANS. NEVERTHELESS, KISSINGER (IS HE AWARE OF

BOTH THE GRAVITY AND THE PERNICIOUSNESS OF THE SITUATION?) DISCERNS AN

APPROACH THAT COULD EMERGE FROM A POTENTIAL OUTCOME OF THE KOSOVO CRISIS:

"AS REGARDS THE DIALECTIC BETWEEN THE TWO DIFFERENT OPTIONS, AUTONOMY

WITHIN SERBIA OR THE INDEPENDENCE SOUGHT BY KOSOVO ALBANIANS, THERE IS NO

REASON TO DISCUSS AUTONOMY AS AN ABSTRACTION. WHAT IS NECESSARY IS TO

FORMULATE, IN DETAIL, A PROPOSAL FOR HOW AUTONOMY CAN BE EFFECTED, FROM

VILLAGE TO VILLAGE." IN ADDITION TO THE PREVIOUSLY NOTED PRECEDENT OF

ALLOWING NATO TO ACT WITHOUT A UN SECURITY COUNCIL MANDATE, THIS APPROACH

BRINGS WITH IT A DANGER WHICH, IF NOT FORESTALLED IN TIME, WILL CONFRONT

THE ENTIRE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: THE FRAGMENTATION OF STATES, FROM THE

REGIONAL TO THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL, THE COMMON DENOMINATOR OF WHICH WILL BE

IRREDENTISM. AND IN THE CASE OF EUROPE, THIS WILL NO LONGER BE LIMITED TO

ITS PERIPHERY.

IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO TAKE A GLOBAL VIEW, BECAUSE WE TOO HAVE OUR OWN

EXAMPLES WHICH COULD BE GENERALLY APPLICABLE EVEN IF CERTAIN MINIMAL

PECULIARITIES ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. THUS, RIJEKA MAYOR SLAVKO LINIC,

TOGETHER WITH HIS COLLEAGUE IN MAKARSKA, IS LAUNCHING AN INITIATIVE ON

ESTABLISHING AN ASSOCIATION THAT WILL "CONSISTENTLY DEFEND THEIR INTERESTS,

STRENGTHEN THE AUTHORITIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT, AND RESIST THE

ARBITRARINESS AND ARROGANCE OF THE CENTRAL AUTHORITIES." IN HIS MANAGERIAL

PROJECTION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, HE IS UNABLE TO FREE HIMSELF OF COMMUNIST

DEMAGOGUERY WHEN HE TALKS ABOUT THE MARKET AND THE FUNCTIONING OF MUNICIPAL

SERVICES IN THE CITIES, WHERE "BASED ON THE MODEL OF ADVANCED EUROPEAN

COUNTRIES, A SIGNIFICANT SHARE OF THE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY MUNICIPAL

SERVICES SHOULD BE STRUCTURED ON A MARKET BASIS, BUT IN SUCH A WAY THAT A

PROFIT IS EARNED AMID REASONABLE PRICES FOR SERVICES." THIS APPROACH TO THE

MARKET WOULD NOT BE THAT DANGEROUS TO HIM, BECAUSE REGULATING IT DEPENDS

NOT ON THE DESIRES OF INDIVIDUALS OR ANY INTEREST GROUPS, BUT RATHER MOST

OF ALL ON SUPPLY AND DEMAND, IF IT WERE NOT FOR THE DEMAGOGIC-PREELECTION

HOODWINKING OF THE CITIZENRY. THE CONTOURS OF THE "FREE MARKET" ARE

DEMONSTRATED BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE DISCRIMINATION FACED BY A VETERAN OF THE

HOMELAND WAR WITH A 40 PERCENT DISABILITY, THE FATHER OF TWO CHILDREN, ON

WHOM THE MAKARSKA CITY GOVERNMENT FIRST IMPOSED A 300 PERCENT INCREASE IN

THE FEE TO OPERATE HIS FAST-FOOD KIOSK ON A MAKARSKA BEACH AND THEN SHUT

DOWN ENTIRELY EVEN THOUGH HE HAD PROPERLY PAID THE FEES FOR THE USE OF

PUBLIC SPACE. NEVERTHELESS, MAKARSKA MAYOR ZLATKO GARELJIC CALLS SLAVKO

LINIC THE "TORCHBEARER OF NEW CHANGES." ALTHOUGH THIS IS CERTAINLY NOT

INNOCUOUS, THERE IS SOMETHING ELSE THAT IS MORE DANGEROUS: MAYOR LINIC'S

ENDEAVOR TO SEE TO IT THAT RIJEKA ADOPTS THE FLAG CARRIED BY ITALIAN

IRREDENTISTS. THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE AND ADMINISTRATION HAS ACCEPTED THE

OFFERED COAT OF ARMS FOR THE CITY WITH CERTAIN CORRECTIONS (THE OFFICIAL

COAT OF ARMS CANNOT INCLUDE THE INSCRIPTION "INDEFICIENTE" NOR THE CROWN

ABOVE THE TWO-HEADED RIJEKA EAGLE), BUT THE PROPOSED FLAG WAS REJECTED IN

ITS ENTIRETY. THE PROPOSAL FOR THE FLAG WAS REJECTED BECAUSE THE STATUTES

MANDATE THAT THE FLAG BE OF ONE COLOR AND BECAUSE AN IDENTICAL FLAG IS USED

BY THE SO-CALLED ASSOCIATION OF THE FREE RIJEKA MUNICIPALITY IN EXILE,

WHICH IS TO SAY AN IRREDENTIST ORGANIZATION IN ITALY. (MORE) 99E35039A NOV

98 DS/BC

ALTHOUGH THESE EXAMPLES ARE OF LOCAL CHARACTER, THEY SHOULD BY NO

MEANS BE UNDERESTIMATED. FOR NOW, GLOBAL EXAMPLES OF THE FRAGMENTATION OF

THE SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRITY OF NATIONAL STATES ARE DERIVING "ENERGY" FOR

THESE AND OTHER DESTABILIZING PROCESSES FROM ETHNIC INTOLERANCE, BUT WITH A

FURTHER ESCALATION OF SOCIAL DISCONTENT CAUSED BY THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL

CRISIS, THE ORCHESTRATION OF OPPOSITION BY FOREIGN FACTORS, AND

INCREASINGLY FREQUENT AND DESTRUCTIVE NATURAL DISASTERS, ONE CAN ANTICIPATE

EVER-STRONGER PRESSURE TO WEAKEN THE INFLUENCE OF CENTRAL AUTHORITIES IN A

NUMBER OF HITHERTO RELATIVELY STABLE STATES AS WELL, AND THIS THROUGH USE

OF THE EXACT SAME METHODS NOTED IN THE RIJEKA-MAKARSKA EXAMPLES.

SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE AS A TESTING GROUND FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

THE STATEMENTS MADE BY HOLBROOKE AND ROTH TO THE GERMAN WEEKLY DIE

ZEIT ARE A MANIFESTATION OF THE DEEP RUPTURE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND

MOST OF ITS EUROPEAN ALLIES OVER THE QUESTION OF THE ALLIANCE'S (NATO'S)

AUTHORITIES, AND THUS OVER THE VERY ISSUE OF SOUTHERN EUROPE--OR MORE

PRECISELY, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN A EUROASIAN

GEOSTRATEGIC CONSTELLATION, BUT ALSO INCREASINGLY IN A EUROAFRICAN ONE,

WHICH IS GAINING IMPORTANCE THROUGH THE GENERAL INSTABILITY AND MILITARY

CLASHES IN CENTRAL AFRICA.

EVEN IF THIS ABYSS WAS BRIDGED WITH THE INAUGURATION OF THE DAYTON

ACCORD, IT HAS BEEN REOPENED THROUGH THE KOSOVO CRISIS, FOR THE SIMPLE

REASON THAT THE STRATEGIC GOAL OF THE NATO ALLIANCE--DEEPER EASTWARD

PENETRATION--WAS NOT ACHIEVED THROUGH DAYTON. RIGHT BEFORE THE PINNACLE OF

LAST MONTH'S KOSOVO CRISIS, NATO SECRETARY GENERAL JAVIER SOLAN VISITED THE

BLACK SEA BASIN AND TRANSCAUCASIA (MOLDOVA, GEORGIA, AZERBAIJAN, AND

ARMENIA), WHILE IN THE WESTERN MEDIA THE COMMANDER OF THE ALLIED FORCES IN

EUROPE, WESLEY CLARK, WAS PROCLAIMED THE PROPONENT OF A "NEW GOSPEL" THAT

WILL SPREAD WESTERN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE TO THE EAST.

RUSSIA CERTAINLY CANNOT REMAIN INDIFFERENT TO SUCH A SITUATION,

ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO EVENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE, BUT ALSO BEYOND.

THAT GEOPOLITICAL REGION IS ESSENTIAL TO RUSSIA FOR SEVERAL REASONS. THE

FIRST AND CERTAINLY FUNDAMENTAL ONE IS THE FACT THAT THAT IS WHERE MOSCOW

STRENGTHENS ITS OWN IMAGE AS A WORLD POWER IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA (WHICH

MEANS, IN OTHER WORDS, STRENGTHENING ITS POSITION IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

RELATIVE TO NATO), WHICH IS ALSO A GUARANTEE OF A MULTIPOLAR ORGANIZATION

OF THE WORLD. "RUSSIA IS DOING EVERYTHING IT CAN TO RESOLVE THE KOSOVO

QUESTION THROUGH POLITICAL MEANS, WITHOUT THE USE OF FORCE," PRESIDENT

BORIS YELTSIN DECLARED IN A PHONE CONVERSATION AT THE BEGINNING OF LAST

MONTH WITH FRENCH PRESIDENT JACQUES CHIRAC. THE SCOPE OF THIS STATEMENT

MADE BY YELTSIN LAST MONTH, ACCOMPANIED BY THE STANDARD PRONOUNCEMENT THAT

MOSCOW IS NOT RULING OUT THE POSSIBILITY OF REFUSING TO SIGN THE AGREEMENT

ON COOPERATION BETWEEN NATO AND RUSSIA, CAN ALSO BE SEEN FROM MOSCOW'S

DECLARATION THAT IN THE EVENT OF NATO INTERVENTION IT IS WILLING TO SEND

MILITARY AID TO THE FRY, IN THE FORM OF PERSONNEL AND MATERIEL.

THE BASIC STARTING POINT FOR REALIZING THAT ONE MUST HAVE NO ILLUSIONS

HERE IS THE SIMPLE FACT THAT, AS IN THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES

AND IRAQ, RUSSIA IS ATTEMPTING TO ASSUME THE ROLE OF PEACE MEDIATOR,

BECAUSE RUSSIA'S STANDING AS A WORLD POWER IS AT STAKE. THE CRISIS IN

KOSOVO HAS THE STATUS OF A TEST INTENDED TO SHOW WHETHER OR NOT RUSSIA,

UNDERGOING CONVULSIONS ON THE DOMESTIC POLICY SCENE, CAN STILL OPPOSE THE

UNITED STATES ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE. FITTING IN WITH THIS PICTURE IS

THE KREMLIN'S REPEATED DEMAND FOR A MULTIPOLAR WORLD--IN CONTRAST TO THE

U.S. EFFORT TO ASSERT ITS OWN STATUS AS THE SOLE REMAINING WORLD POWER.

ANOTHER REASON FOR RUSSIA'S INTEREST IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE IS THE

ATTEMPT TO HALT NATO IN ITS POSITIONING IN THE BALKANS, WHERE THE FRY,

BECAUSE OF ITS GEOGRAPHIC POSITION, IS BLOCKING THE SECI [SOUTHEAST

EUROPEAN COOPERATION INITIATIVE] IN ITS (INTERMEDIARY) GEOSTRATEGIC EXTENT.

IF THE PROBLEM IS NOT DEFINITIVELY RESOLVED IN THE FUTURE EITHER, THEN ONE

MUST ALSO CONSIDER THE STATUS OF THE OTHER STATES IN THIS REGION. MANY OF

THEM ARE ALREADY MEMBERS OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE, AND A SMALLER NUMBER

OF THEM ARE IN THE FIRST WAVE OF ACCESSION TO EUROATLANTIC INTEGRATION

PROCESSES (NATO AND THE EU), WHERE IN THE LATTER CASE THIS OVERALL PROCESS,

PRECEDED BY A STRONG EUROATLANTIC PROMOTIONAL CAMPAIGN, HAS BEEN

JEOPARDIZED BY THE SO-CALLED SHIFT OF THAT TIME LIMIT INTO THE COMING

DECADES. THE IMPATIENCE OF THE BROAD MASSES WHOSE STRATEGIC INTERESTS ARE

REFLECTED PRECISELY IN THE UNCRITICAL ANTICIPATION OF THAT ACTION (WHERE

DESIRES ARE ONE THING AND THE GEOSTRATEGIC PROCESSES ARE SOMETHING ELSE

ENTIRELY) TENDS TO DIMINISH CONFIDENCE IN THE ABILITIES OF THE CENTRAL

AUTHORITIES (FOR WHICH THEY THEMSELVES ARE THE LEAST TO BLAME, IF ONE NOTES

THAT IN THE RECENT PERIOD A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES HAVE IN FACT IMPLEMENTED A

NUMBER OF STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN MILITARY, ECONOMY, AND FINANCIAL

INSTITUTIONS) TO ADAPT TO THAT PROCESS. THE EXAMPLE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

AND THE RECESSION INTO WHICH THAT COUNTRY IS INCREASINGLY PLUNGING HAS NOT

FAILED TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE BROADEST STRATA OF THE POPULACE, WHICH IS

INCREASINGLY WONDERING WHAT THE REAL REASON AND JUSTIFICATION IS FOR

JOINING THE EU, FOR EXAMPLE. THERE IS NO NEED TO POINT OUT THAT THE

ADMINISTRATION IN BRUSSELS IS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THIS VERY DESIRE TO BE

INVOLVED IN THESE INTEGRATION PROCESSES TO EXACT A SERIES OF PRESSURES AND

CONSTANTLY NEW DEMANDS FOR NEW STANDARDS WHICH THAT ADMINISTRATION IS NOT

EVEN APPLYING IN ITS OWN COUNTRIES.

ACCORDING TO THE PUBLICATION KOMERSANT, THERE IS A CLEARLY EXPRESSED

CHALLENGE BEING FACED BY RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY: "IF NATO MARCHES INTO

KOSOVO, THEN IT WILL HAVE THE UNIMPEDED ABILITY TO CONCERN ITSELF WITH THE

SOUTHERN PART OF THE POST-SOVIET TERRITORY," ADDING THAT LAST MONTH'S VISIT

TO MOLDOVA, GEORGIA, AZERBAIJAN, AND ARMENIA BY NATO SECRETARY GENERAL

JAVIER SOLANA MAPPED OUT THE DIRECTION OF THAT TREND.

GLOBAL FEAR

BUT LET US STICK TO THE KOSOVO CRISIS, WHICH THROUGH ITS EVEN GREATER

INTENSITY WILL DEMONSTRATE THE DEEP DIVISION WITHIN THAT SAME WEST--WITH

THE UNITED STATES ON ONE SIDE AND AUTHENTIC EUROPE ON THE OTHER. NOT MUCH

SPECULATION IS NECESSARY TO FIGURE OUT TO WHAT EXTENT THAT DIVISION WILL BE

OVERCOME AT A TIME WHEN NATO IS EXPLORING A NEW STRATEGIC APPROACH TO

SECURITY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, IF ONE CONSIDERS THE ORBITS OF INTEREST OF

THE TWO LEADING COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE (FRANCE AND GERMANY), AS WELL

AS RUSSIA AS THE THIRD SECURITY FACTOR ON THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT. THE FIRST

TWO COUNTRIES' ORBITS OF INTEREST WERE DISRUPTED BY THE SECI INITIATIVE,

WHICH HEDGES INTO THEIR INTERSECTION ON EUROPE'S SOUTHERN WING AND WHICH IS

TENDING (ESPECIALLY AFTER THE ELECTION IN SLOVAKIA) TO BE CONNECTED WITH

THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN WING, WITH ITS STARTING POINT IN THE BALTICS, AND

WHICH RUNS IN A VERTICAL LINE TO THE ADRIATIC, THEREBY ENCOMPASSING

EUROPE'S KEY LAND AND SEA GEOSTRATEGIC CORRIDORS, WHICH ARE THE STARTING

POINT FOR STABILIZING OR DESTABILIZING IT. WE MUST ALSO EXAMINE THIS

SITUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CENTRAL EUROPE, THE VARIABLE GEOMETRY OF WHICH

IS ALSO KEY TO THE STABILITY OF THE EUROPEAN REGION. CONCERNING THE

GEOMETRY OF CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE COLD WAR PERIOD, SOURCES OF TENSION ARE

CURRENTLY ON THE HORIZON, EVIDENCED BY THE SPECIFIC PORTENT OF EU

MEMBERSHIP FOR THOSE STATES, WHICH IS BEING DRAGGED OUT HALFWAY THROUGH THE

NEXT DECADE. IT DOES NOT REQUIRE MUCH IMAGINATION TO PULL UP A PICTURE OF

DISSATISFACTION IN THOSE COUNTRIES, WHICH IN RECENT YEARS HAVE IMPLEMENTED

A NUMBER OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES LITERALLY BORDERING ON HUMILIATION AND THE

SELL-OFF OF KEY NATIONAL RESOURCES TO INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL, THEREBY

ESTABLISHING A NEW DIPLOMATIC-FINANCIAL-COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

TAILOR-MADE TO TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

WITH THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL, THE BORDER OF CENTRAL EUROPE AS A

GEOPOLITICAL REGION HAS FINALLY SHIFTED FROM THE MARGINAL AREAS OF THE ALPS

AND THE PANNONIAN PLAIN TO THE DINARICS AND THE ADRIATIC COASTLINE, THEREBY

EMERGING FROM CONTINENTAL ISOLATION AND GIVING EUROPE AN OUTLET, VIA THE

BLACK SEA AND THE ADRIATIC, TO THE "CENTER" OF THE WORLD--THE

MEDITERRANEAN--WHICH IS THE GEOPOLITICAL LINK BETWEEN EUROASIA AND

EUROAFRICA.

THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA ESPECIALLY WILL MAKE IT

GLOBALLY POSSIBLE TO ESCALATE NATO'S "PEACEKEEPING" MISSIONS AND CREATE A

UNIVERSAL SECURITY CONCEPT FOR A UNIPOLAR OR MULTIPOLAR WORLD. ALONGSIDE

THE NOW-STANDARD POSITION OF RUSSIA AND CHINA, WHICH HAS BECOME SOMETHING

OF A CONSTANT, FRANCE AND GERMANY ARE CONTENDING THAT THE UN AUTHORIZATION

IS NECESSARY FOR FUTURE NATO OPERATIONS OUTSIDE THE TERRITORY OF ITS

MEMBERS. BUT THE QUESTION OF WHETHER THE VIRULENCE OF SUCH CLAIMS IS NOT A

LITTLE LATE IN COMING WILL SOON BE ANSWERED BY CERTAIN FUTURE EVENTS,

BECAUSE IT IS KNOWN THAT SINCE FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR UNTIL ONLY A

FEW MONTHS AGO BOTH FRANCE AND GERMANY DEMONSTRATED A LARGE DEGREE OF

DISORIENTATION IN DEALING WITH THE KOSOVO CRISIS. ALL THE MORE SO IF ONE

NOTES THAT IT SERVED AS A PRETEXT FOR CREATIVE POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC

BEHAVIOR ON THE PART OF THE UNITED STATES AND FOR ITS PUTTING THE FINAL

TOUCHES ON THE SECI INITIATIVE AS AN INDIRECT STRATEGY FOR NATO'S MOVE EAST

BY WAY OF THE SOUTHERN WING OF EUROPE. IF NOTHING ELSE, THE ESCALATION OF

THE FIGHTING IN KOSOVO BETWEEN REGULAR UNITS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN BELGRADE

AND PARAMILITARY-TERRORIST UNITS OF THE OVK [KOSOVO LIBERATION ARMY] AND

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THAT CONFLICT INTO A HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE WILL

SET A PRECEDENT WHICH HOLBROOKE WILL MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO CASH IN ON IN HIS

DIPLOMATIC-SPECULATIVE ACTIONS IN ORDER TO MAKE IT APPLICABLE TO THE REST

OF THE WORLD WHERE, ACCORDING TO THE WASHINGTON POLITICAL ELITE, "THERE ARE

ALSO OTHER SUFFERING NATIONS." IN KEEPING WITH HIS DIPLOMATIC CALIBER AND

THE AUTHORITIES THAT HE HAS BEEN GIVEN BY U.S. PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON,

HOLBROOKE HAS COOLLY DECLARED THAT "SUBMISSION TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL

AND ITS MONOPOLY ON THE USE OF FORCE HAS ALLOWED THE WORLD'S WORST TYRANTS

TO CONTINUE TO OPPRESS THEIR OWN PEOPLE WITH IMPUNITY." BUT WHY HAS

CONTINENTAL EUROPE FINALLY AWAKENED WITH A START AND BEGUN FLOATING FEARS

OVER THE EXPANSION OF NATO'S ROLE BEING PERSISTENTLY PUSHED BY THE UNITED

STATES? (MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

((PARAGRAPH CONTINUES)) THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS. AMONG THE LEADING

ONES IS THE THREAT OF ETHNIC SEPARATISM, WHICH HAS COME TO LIFE AND RISEN

TO THE SURFACE IN SEVERAL OF THE MEMBERS OF THE ALLIANCE--CANADA, FRANCE

(SEPARATIST PROBLEMS WITH CORSICA), ITALY, SPAIN (PROBLEMS WITH THE

BASQUES' SEPARATIST ASPIRATIONS), AND TURKEY, WHILE AFTER ITS PARLIAMENTARY

ELECTIONS GERMANY IS THREATENED BY EVEN MORE DEMANDING PROCESSES. THE

EXAMPLE OF TURKEY IS ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT IF ONE NOTES THAT IT ALMOST

THREATENED TO VETO THE ALLIANCE'S DECISION ON KOSOVO UNLESS ASSURANCES WERE

PROVIDED THAT THE KOSOVO EXAMPLE WILL NEVER BE APPLIED TO ANKARA'S

TREATMENT OF THE KURDS. THE FACT THAT THE PROBLEM IS BY NO MEANS INNOCUOUS

IS ALSO CONFIRMED BY A HIGH-RANKING EUROPEAN DIPLOMAT AT NATO HEADQUARTERS,

WHO SAYS, "NO ONE LIKES THE IDEA OF BEING ABLE TO USE FORCE AGAINST A

SOVEREIGN COUNTRY BECAUSE OF THE WAY IN WHICH IT BEHAVES TOWARD ITS OWN

CITIZENS. BY THAT TOKEN, YOU COULD JUSTIFY MILITARY INTERVENTION AGAINST

MANY COUNTRIES, INCLUDING SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE ALLIANCE." THE STATEMENT

BY THIS DIPLOMAT MUST BE KEPT IN MIND CONSTANTLY IN THE FURTHER

CONSIDERATION OF ONE'S OWN NATIONAL INTERESTS AND IN PROTECTING THE

NATIONAL COMMUNITY FROM THE INVASION OF CELLULOID-DIGITAL ILLUSIONS, THE

SOLE GOAL OF WHICH IS TO PROVOKE CHAOS AND PREPARE THE NATIONAL ESSENCE FOR

THE FINAL PHASE OF NEOCOLONIALISM. THIS WARNING IS BY NO MEANS GUILELESS IF

ONE NOTES THAT THE WORLD'S ONLY REMAINING SUPERPOWER, BECAUSE OF ITS TOTAL

CONTROL OVER THE "ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES" AND ITS PREDOMINANT CONTROL OVER

THE FINANCIAL FLOWS OF CAPITAL, IS IN A POSITION TO INFLUENCE

SOCIOPOLITICAL EVENTS AROUND THE WORLD, CREATING A CHAOTIC SITUATION THAT

BRINGS NOT JUST STATES, BUT ENTIRE REGIONS (SOUTHEASTERN ASIA) AND

CONTINENTS (SOUTH AMERICA) TO THE BRINK OF THE ABYSS. THIS MAKES THE IMAGES

OF VIOLENT STREET CLASHES IN JAKARTA ALL THE MORE CAUTIONARY, SINCE THEY

SHOW THAT THE INDONESIAN POLITICAL VACUUM RESULTING FROM THE OVERTHROW OF

SUHARTO IN MAY IS BEING TRANSFORMED INTO LONG-TERM INSTABILITY. AT LEAST

1,200 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND THOUSANDS OF STORES AND VEHICLES WERE BURNED

DURING THE MAY CHAOS IN INDONESIA. THE CURRENT STUDENT UNREST THAT

CONTINUES TO ESCALATE IS UNFOLDING ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHED

MODEL--DEMANDS FOR THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION OF SUHARTO FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

VIOLATIONS AND CORRUPTION, WITH PROMISES THAT THE "CRISIS WILL CONTINUE" IF

THOSE DEMANDS ARE NOT MET. THE "INDONESIAN CASE" IS INSTRUCTIVE BECAUSE IT

DEMONSTRATES THE EXTREME DISORIENTATION OF THE POLITICAL ELITE AND OF THE

PUBLIC (INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA HAVE A VERY ESSENTIAL GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION)

IN PROCESSES THAT ARE MUCH MORE COMPLEX: GLOBAL IN NATURE, THEY ARE ALSO

TAKING PLACE WITHIN ITS INTERCONNECTED STRUCTURES, RESULTING IN THE

TRANSCENDENCE OF NATIONAL BORDERS. THE NOXIOUSNESS AND ALL THE TRAGEDY FOR

THESE PEOPLE ARE LOCAL. "PEOPLE ARE FRUSTRATED OVER THE SACRIFICES THAT

THEY MADE IN MAY, WHICH HAVE NOT BROUGHT ANY IMPROVEMENTS," A WESTERN

DIPLOMAT SAYS ABOUT THE LATEST EVENTS IN INDONESIA. THE MISTAKES THAT WERE

MADE, BUT ALSO THE SPECIFIC MODEL WHOSE SIGNATURE IS NOT DIFFICULT TO

DECIPHER, ARE BORNE OUT BY ONE OFFICIAL WITH THE INDONESIAN INSTITUTE FOR

THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION WHEN HE SAYS THAT A MIDDLE SOLUTION COULD HAVE

BEEN FOUND IF PARLIAMENT HAD REACHED A COMPROMISE WITH THE THREE POPULAR

OPPOSITION POLITICIANS ON A REFORM PROGRAM.

WILL THE FEAR OF NATO'S BROAD AUTHORITIES (ACTION OUTSIDE THE ALLIANCE

AND WITHOUT A SECURITY COUNCIL MANDATE) MOVE BEYOND THE WESTERN EUROPEAN

FRAMEWORK AND BECOME GLOBAL? THE RUSSIAN OPPOSITION TO AIRSTRIKES BY NATO

AIRCRAFT AGAINST SERB TARGETS IN KOSOVO SUGGESTED THE SIMILARITY OF THE

KOSOVO CRISIS TO THE RUSSIAN PROBLEMS IN CHECHNYA. THE FACT THAT FUTURE

EVENTS WILL NOT BE MERE DIPLOMATIC QUIBBLING IS INDICATED BY A CONFIDENTIAL

REPORT BY THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT TO THE BUNDESTAG COMMITTEE ON DEFENSE,

CITED BY THE GERMAN DAILY BILD, WHICH NOTES THAT IN THE EVENT OF FIGHTING

RUSSIA IS READY, "IN SEVERAL HOURS' TIME," TO BEGIN SUPPORTING THE YUGOSLAV

MILITARY FORCES "WITH EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL." IN OTHER WORDS, BONN IS

AFRAID THAT NATO AIRSTRIKES AGAINST SERB TARGETS OVER THE KOSOVO CONFLICT

COULD RESULT IN A DIRECT MILITARY CONFLICT WITH RUSSIA. THE REPORT NOTES

THAT THE SUPPORT IN QUESTION IS ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES "WITH OPERATORS" AND

FIGHTER PLANES "WITH CREWS," WHILE THE RUSSIANS WOULD MAKE UP FOR SERB

LOSSES WITH THEIR OWN PERSONNEL. THE NEWSPAPER SAYS THAT NATO IS ESPECIALLY

AFRAID OF RUSSIAN S-300 GROUND-TO-AIR MISSILES AND MIG-29 FIGHTERS.

NEW EUROPEAN SECURITY AND THE MEDITERRANEAN QUESTION

A SECOND REASON WHY CONTINENTAL EUROPE HAS LATELY BEEN DEVOTING

INCREASING ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS OWN IDENTITY AND ITS OWN

SECURITY CONCEPT AND IS VOICING INCREASINGLY CLEAR OPPOSITION TO THE

"TOMAHAWK DIPLOMACY" BEING IMPOSED BY RICHARD HOLBROOKE AS A NEW STANDARD

IS THE FUNDAMENTAL RECOGNITION THAT THE NEW NATO BROADENS THE SPECTRUM OF

THREATS TO ITS OWN SECURITY, WHICH SOME MEMBERS OF THE ALLIANCE WILL NOT BE

ABLE TO AVOID IN THE FUTURE. DURING ITS SESSION IN EDINBURGH, THE NORTH

ATLANTIC ASSEMBLY ADOPTED BY A LARGE MAJORITY A RESOLUTION AND KEY

AMENDMENT STATING THAT NATO DOES NOT NEED A UN OR OSCE MANDATE IN ORDER TO

CARRY OUT MILITARY ACTIONS BEYOND THE BORDERS OF THE SIGNATORIES TO THE

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY. IN THIS GAME OF GIVING SHAPE TO A NEW NATO, ONLY

FRANCE FELT THAT THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL'S PERMISSION IS NECESSARY FOR THE

USE OF FORCE, EXCEPT IN CASES OF SELF-DEFENSE.

THE FRENCH VOCALNESS IS ECLIPSING THE SILENCE OF THE REST OF EUROPE.

THAT REMAINDER OF EUROPE IS ONLY NOW REALIZING THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

A SYMBIOSIS IN WHICH IT PROVIDES PEOPLE, MONEY, AND CENTERS OF CRISIS IN

ITS OWN "BACKYARD" WHILE THE UNITED STATES PROVIDES ITS HIGHLY MODERN

TECHNOLOGY AND DIPLOMACY IN ORDER TO CREATE A NEW INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL

MILIEU FROM WHICH EVEN IT WILL NOT BE SPARED. NEVERTHELESS, THE FOLLOWING

IS THE STATE OF EUROPE'S SECURITY AWARENESS: THE POST-COLD WAR ERA AND THE

SPECIAL QUESTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, ESPECIALLY IN AN ATMOSPHERE

CHARACTERIZED BY THE END OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN EAST AND WEST, WHICH HAD

ITS MAIN BATTLEFIELD--FROM IDEOLOGICAL TERMS TO MILITARY ONES--RIGHT IN

EUROPE, PLUS BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (THE PROCESS OF CREATING A (VIRTUAL)

GREATER BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA), THE KOSOVO CRISIS, IRAQ, AND IN THE NEAR

FUTURE CENTRAL AFRICA (THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO) AS WELL AS

TRANSCAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA (NOR CAN SOUTH AMERICA BE RULED OUT) WILL

CONSTITUTE INSURMOUNTABLE SECURITY PROBLEMS, REQUIRING AN EFFECTIVE

RESPONSE TO THOSE CLASHES. THE FIRST THREE OF THESE CRISIS CENTERS

(BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, KOSOVO, AND IRAQ), AS A SORT OF "SECURITY PILOT,"

CLEARLY SHOW THAT THE STANCES OF THE TRANSATLANTIC COMMUNITY ARE

CHARACTERIZED BY DIFFERENT ASSESSMENTS OF THE RELEVANT THREATS TO SECURITY

POLICY. THE BASIC STRATEGY IS ADDITIONALLY COMPLICATED WITH THE INCLUSION

OF RUSSIA AND CHINA. IN RECENT TIMES EUROPE HAS BEGUN TO CONSIDER THE

QUESTION OF ITS SECURITY IN MUCH BROADER TERMS, THINKING THAT NATO, AS A

LEFTOVER FROM THE COLD WAR, DOES NOT OFFER ANSWERS TO A NUMBER OF SECURITY

QUESTIONS THAT IT IS INCESSANTLY CONFRONTING. AND IN THAT IT IS RIGHT.

ALTHOUGH THE IDEAL OF GLOBALISM IS BEING IMPOSED THROUGH THE MEDIA AND

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ACROSS A BROAD SPECTRUM, EVERYONE GIVES TOP

PRIORITY TO THEIR OWN NATIONAL SECURITY, WHICH IS MUCH BROADER THAN THE

CLASSIC MILITARY THREAT. WHAT WE SEE AS THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE

COOPERATION WITHIN THE TRANSATLANTIC ALLIANCE WHICH WENT UNCHALLENGED

DURING THE EAST-WEST CONFLICT IS THE REALIZATION THAT THE QUESTION OF

NATIONAL SECURITY, WHICH IS TO SAY THE DANGER THAT THREATENS IT, IS MUCH

BROADER IN SCOPE (THE QUESTIONS OF CRIME AND DRUG TRAFFICKING, IMMIGRATION

POLICY, FINANCIAL CRISES, CULTURAL STRATIFICATION--IN THE MEDITERRANEAN,

FOR EXAMPLE--AND SO ON) AND MUCH MORE INTRICATE, SINCE CONFLICTS ARE

ERUPTING MOSTLY WITHIN STATES AND THOSE CONFLICTS ARE OF A SOCIAL,

CULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC NATURE. THE OVERALL STRATIFICATION OF EUROPE

(CULTUROLOGICALLY, ECONOMICALLY), TOGETHER THE DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC

POSITIONS AND THE VARIANCE IN GEOSTRATEGIC PRIORITIES, INFLUENCE THE

VARIOUS ASSESSMENTS OF THE LOOMING TENSIONS CONTAINED IN REGIONAL CRISES

AND CONFLICTS ON THE MARGINS OF EUROPE. THE LATTER ESPECIALLY HAS THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF A NATURAL DISASTER, AND IT IS VERY HARD TO IDENTIFY THE

CAUSES AND EVEN HARDER TO FIGURE OUT WHO IS BEHIND THEM AND IN WHOSE

INTEREST THE ESCALATION OF A SPECIFIC CONFLICT IS. VIEWED FROM THE EUROPEAN

PERSPECTIVE, THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A SECURITY CONSENSUS FOR JOINT ACTION IN

AND BETWEEN EUROPEAN SECURITY-POLICY INSTITUTIONS [AS PUBLISHED]. AS FAR AS

THE MEDITERRANEAN IS CONCERNED, ONLY SOME OF THE MEMBERS OF THE NORTH

ATLANTIC ALLIANCE REGARD A POSSIBLE DANGER IN THAT REGION AS A THREAT TO

THEIR OWN SECURITY. THE GEOSTRATEGIC CONSENSUS FROM THE COLD WAR ERA HAS

DISAPPEARED, WHILE THE MEDITERRANEAN, PRECISELY BECAUSE OF ITS GEOSTRATEGIC

VALUE, AND THUS ALSO BECAUSE OF ITS COMPLEX SECURITY SITUATION, REPRESENTS

A SECURITY CHALLENGE WHERE EUROPE MUST BE AFFIRMED AS A MEMBER OF THE

MULTIPOLAR WORLD WHICH THE MAJORITY OF EUROPEAN STATES SINCERELY SUPPORT.

(MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

UNTIL VERY RECENTLY, FROM THE PROSPECTIVE OF SECURITY AND BECAUSE OF

RUSSIA'S COOPERATION, THE LANDS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE EXPERIENCED

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STABILIZATION PRIMARILY BY VIRTUE OF THE FIRST WAVE

OF EU EASTWARD EXPANSION. PORTENTS OF SHIFTS IN THOSE TERMS DO NOT

GUARANTEE THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THAT REGION, WHICH HAS

ALSO NOT BEEN SPARED ETHNIC STRATIFICATION. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF

GEOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL RELATIONS AND THE RESULTING CRISES THAT

HAVE BEEN GOING ON FOR YEARS (VIEWED MORE BROADLY, THEY CAN BE MEASURED IN

DECADES AND CENTURIES), THE MEDITERRANEAN, AS A GEOGRAPHIC HUB OF THREE

CONTINENTS (IN TERMS OF COMMUNICATION AND IN THE MUCH BROADER SENSE),

REPRESENTS A PROBLEM TO WHICH EUROPE MUST DEVOTE ITS ATTENTION. THE

AWARENESS PRESENT IN THIS REGION RULES OUT ANY MANIPULATIVE DIPLOMATIC

APPROACH AND OBSERVES THAT THIS IS THE WAY OUT OF THE PROBLEM CAUSED BY

CONFLICTING INTEREST AND RISKS, NAMELY THE ENDEAVOR TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS

THROUGH COOPERATION. AT PRESENT THAT COOPERATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE

CREATION OF SUBREGIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURES OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT

ALLIANCE STRUCTURES. IN EARLY 1995, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AND ITALY

RESOLVED TO CREATE JOINT LAND AND NAVAL ARMED FORCES (EUROFOR AND

EUROMARFOR), WHICH, JUDGING FROM ALL INDICATIONS, ARE DIRECTED AGAINST

POTENTIAL SECURITY THREATS FROM THE SOUTH. FOR NOW, ONE THING IS CERTAIN:

WHETHER ON THE TRANSNATIONAL OR SUBREGIONAL LEVEL, THIS TRANSCENDS THE

ASPECT OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF INDIVIDUAL STATES. IN THIS CHAOTIC

SITUATION, IMBUED WITH ONE CRISIS AFTER ANOTHER, THE LEADING POSITION OF

SOME STATE OR INTEREST GROUP IS A FUNCTION OF ITS ABILITY TO MANAGE SUCH

CRISIS SITUATIONS. THIS IS ONLY THE FIRST STEP TOWARD THE LEADING POSITION.

THE LEADING SUPERPOWER BECOMES THAT BY MAXIMIZING THE TERRITORY AFFECTED BY

CRISES AND ITS ABILITY TO MANAGE THEM OR KEEP THEM UNDER CONTROL.

BATTLE FOR THE "CENTER" OF THE WORLD

AS FAR AS NEW ASPECTS OF SECURITY ARE CONCERNED, A PARTICULAR PROBLEM

FOR STATES IS THE ENTIRE NETWORK OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS,

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AND VARIOUS FIRMS NOT SUBJECT TO ANY DEMOCRATIC

CONTROL. THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF SUCH A STRUCTURE SPEAKS FOR

ITSELF--EVERYTHING IS MUTUALLY INTERCONNECTED, AND THROUGH THEIR

INTERACTION THEY AFFECT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND,

MEANWHILE, THE REALITY OF THE THREAT IS REFLECTED IN THE LACK OF EXPERIENCE

WITH HOW TO DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS. VIEWED IN TERMS OF PROBLEMS, THE

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS CONSTITUTE ONLY ONE OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE

ASYMMETRICAL MILITARY-POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC APPROACH TO FINALLY REALIZING

THE THEORY OF THE "END OF HISTORY," REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THAT IS VIEWED

WITH MARX'S OR FUKUYAMA'S DIOPTER. OR TO PUT IT IN DIFFERENT WORDS, THE

INAUGURATION OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND A UNIFIED WORLD GOVERNMENT.

BUT UNTIL THAT MOMENT, TO USE HOLBROOKE'S PHRASEOLOGY, A GREAT DEAL OF

"DIRTY WORK" REMAINS TO BE DONE. THE SECOND POINT WHERE THE PROTECTION OF

EUROPE'S INTERESTS WILL BE INTENSIFIED WILL EXTEND, AS PREVIOUSLY NOTED, TO

THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN, WHICH WILL ALSO BE A CLEAR TEST OF EUROPE'S

RESOLVE TO SET ITS OWN COURSE IN THE FUTURE MULTIPOLAR WORLD. THANKS TO THE

KOSOVO CRISIS, ONE CAN CLEARLY DISCERN NATO'S ENDEAVOR TO EVOLVE FROM A

SYSTEM OF COLLECTIVE DEFENSE OF THE WESTERN WORLD INTO AN INSTRUMENT OF

GLOBAL SECURITY. AS EXPECTED, THE FIRST WAVE OF NATO EXPANSION WITH POLAND,

HUNGARY, AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC WILL TAKE PLACE AT THE WASHINGTON SUMMIT

NEXT YEAR, BY WHICH TIME ITS STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SECURITY IN THE 21ST

CENTURY ALSO OUGHT TO BE CLEAR (TRANSPARENT). THIS NEW CHARTER FOR THE

ALLIANCE SHOULD ALSO BE THE CROWNING TOUCH ON THE SUMMIT ON THE OCCASION OF

ITS 50TH ANNIVERSARY. BUT ONE CAN ONLY SPECULATE ABOUT THE FATE OF THE

OTHER CANDIDATES IMPATIENTLY WAITING TO ENTER THAT "EXCLUSIVE SECURITY

CLUB." LET US SAY THAT THERE WILL BE NO FURTHER ACCEPTANCE OF MEMBERS,

WHICH IS VERY LIKELY FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON. WITH THE INCLUSION OF

POLAND, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, AND HUNGARY, THE FOLLOWING STRATEGIC GOALS HAVE

BEEN ACHIEVED: THE BALTIC GEOSTRATEGIC MARITIME REGION HAS BEEN MASTERED,

TOGETHER WITH THE GERMAN-POLISH-BELARUSIAN PLAIN, THUS STRENGTHENING NATO'S

EASTERN FLANK TOWARD RUSSIA. WITH THE ACCEPTANCE OF HUNGARY, NATO CONTROLS

THE PANNONIAN PLAIN, WHICH IS TO SAY THE GEOSTRATEGIC REGION THAT EXTENDS

ACROSS UKRAINE AND HUNGARY TO NORTHERN ITALY AND THE ADRIATIC, WHICH

OBVIOUSLY RAISES THE QUESTION OF THE STATUS (ACCEPTANCE INTO NATO) OF

SLOVENIA IN THIS GEOSTRATEGIC REGION. CLAIMS THAT ONLY SLOVENIA (AS OPPOSED

TO ROMANIA, SLOVAKIA, AND BULGARIA) HAS DEVELOPED CONSISTENTLY IN THE

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SENSE SERVE ONLY TO COVER UP THE REAL INTENTIONS.

SLOVENIA IS LOCATED AT THE END OF THE CRITICAL GEOSTRATEGIC ZONE THAT

EMERGES ON THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC, NAMELY AT THE "POINT" WHERE THE

MEDITERRANEAN, IN THE FORM OF THE ADRIATIC SEA, EXTENDS THE FURTHEST INTO

THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT. THIS GEOSTRATEGIC END-POINT (FROM UKRAINE TO

NORTHERN ITALY) MUST BE REGARDED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GERMAN AND FRENCH

ORBIT OF INTERESTS, WHICH ARE CONGRUENT IN THIS AREA, BUT ALSO BEYOND IT,

IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE--NAMELY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN CONSISTENT

AREA IN TERMS OF SECURITY FROM THE BALTICS TO THE ADRIATIC. IN THIS

GEOSTRATEGIC CONSTELLATION, AND GIVEN THE DYNAMIC OF EVENTS (EXERCISES BY

NATO AND THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE IN SLOVENIA, ALONG THE CROATIAN BORDER),

ONE CAN EXPECT AN INCREASINGLY STRONG INTENSIFICATION OF THE ISTRIA

QUESTION AND NATURALLY THE RIJEKA QUESTION, WHICH ARE CHARACTERIZED BY

INCREASINGLY STRONG EXPRESSIONS OF IRREDENTIST ASPIRATIONS, SUPPORTED BY

CERTAIN INTERNAL POLITICAL OPPOSITION SUBJECTS. WE MUST NOT REMAIN EVEN

SLIGHTLY INDIFFERENT TO THE MULTILINGUAL AND MULTIETHNIC NATURE OF ISTRIA

AND TO THE IRREDENTIST SALLY WITH THE FLAG AND COAT OF ARMS IN RIJEKA ON

THE PART OF RIJEKA MAYOR SLAVKO LINIC. CLOSELY CONNECTED TO THIS EVENT IS

ALSO THE SIGNING OF THE PLOCE-NEUM AGREEMENT AND THE UNCERTAINTY

SURROUNDING THE SIGNING OF THE AGREEMENT ON SPECIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE

REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, WHICH THE

BOSNIAK ELEMENT IS CONSTANTLY PUSHING.

FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE DELAY IN

JOINING NATO AND THE EU REPRESENTS AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF INSTABILITY. THE

NEW DEMOCRATIC AND PRO-WESTERN AUTHORITIES IN THOSE COUNTRIES ARE

INCREASINGLY PANICKED, BECAUSE THEY FEAR PUBLIC DISAPPOINTMENT OVER THE

DELAY IN MEMBERSHIP IN THE "ELITE EUROPEAN CLUB, THE EU." A HINT OF THIS

TREND HAS COME IN THE FIRM OF THE SHARP WARNING ADDRESSED TO SLOVENIA AND

THE CZECH REPUBLIC BY THE COMMISSION IN BRUSSELS IN ITS FIRST REPORTS ON

PROGRESS TOWARD JOINING THE EUROPEAN UNION. THESE WERE COUNTRIES WHICH UP

TO THAT POINT HAD BEEN CONSIDERED FAVORITES AMONG THE FIRST-CATEGORY

COUNTRIES. THIS BECOMES MORE ALARMING AND PROBLEMATIC IF ONE CONSIDERS THAT

WITH THE CELLULOID-DIGITAL INVASION (HOLLYWOOD FILMS AND TV SOAP OPERAS,

THE EFFECT OF "SANTA BARBARA"), SPIRITUAL NEOCOLONIZATION HAS ALREADY TAKEN

PLACE. THIS OVERALL NEOCOLONIZATION PROCESS CONSTITUTES A SORT OF RACKET.

THE OFFER, AS IT GOES, IS ONE OF A SIGNIFICANT MEASURE OF POLITICAL AND

ECONOMIC SECURITY, WHICH MEANS YOU WILL HAVE TERRITORIAL PROTECTION, BUT

UNDER THE CONDITION THAT YOU CONSENT TO LIMITED POLITICAL AND

ECONOMIC-FINANCIAL SOVEREIGNTY, UNTIL IT IS LOST ENTIRELY. IF THAT IS THE

CASE, THEN ILLUSIONS ABOUT DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA,

AND PLURALISM BECOME NOTHING MORE THAN A MAFIA INSTRUMENT IN THE

NEOCOLONIAL APPROACH TO THE EUROPEAN REGION, WIELDED BY TRANSNATIONAL

COMPANIES AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS, AS THE MOST ELITE "FORMATIONS"

OF THE INFORMAL CENTER OF WORLD POWER.

THE QUESTION OF SLOVAKIA, THE "REPLACEMENT OF DICTATOR MECIAR," WAS

ESSENTIALLY RESOLVED THROUGH THE RECENT PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS, WHICH

EUROATLANTIC CIRCLES WELCOMED WITH UNCONCEALED ENTHUSIASM, THEREBY

ESTABLISHING A TRUE DIPLOMATIC PRECEDENT. THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SLOVAK

DEMOCRATIC COALITION HAD NOT EVEN BEEN ELECTED WHEN HE RECEIVED AN

INVITATION FROM BRUSSELS TO ATTEND A SERIES OF MEETINGS AT NATO AND EU

HEADQUARTERS. MEANWHILE, THE QUESTION OF ROMANIA AND BULGARIA AND THEIR

ROLE IS LEFT ASIDE WITHIN THE SECI PROGRAM, WHICH MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO

STRATEGICALLY REALIZE NATO'S EASTWARD EXPANSION THROUGH ITS DIRECT

(ECONOMIC) COMPONENT AND ITS INDIRECT ONE (THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE

PROGRAM), PLUS THE KOSOVO CRISIS. THE AFOREMENTIONED HUMANITARIAN

CATASTROPHE RESULTING FROM THE KOSOVO CRISIS AND THE RECENT ELECTIONS IN

MACEDONIA AND THE VICTORY OF THE MACEDONIAN POLITICAL OPPOSITION BLOC--THE

COALITION OF LJUPCO GEORGIJEVSKI'S VMRO-DPMNE [INTERNAL MACEDONIAN

REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION-DEMOCRATIC PARTY FOR MACEDONIAN NATIONAL UNITY]

AND VASIL TUPURKOVSKI'S DA [DEMOCRATIC ALTERNATIVE]--OPENS UP UNDREAMT-OF

POSSIBILITIES FOR FURTHER ACTION. "IN THE SECOND ROUND OF THE ELECTIONS IN

MACEDONIA VOTERS WILL OPT FOR CHANGE, AFFIRMING THE OPPOSITION'S VICTORY.

THE NEW POLITICAL SITUATION WILL WORSEN INTERETHNIC RELATIONS, BUT WILL

PRESERVE THE PROCESS OF CONNECTIONS AND COOPERATION WITH THE WEST AND

RAPPROCHEMENT TO NATO," SAID THE LEADER OF THE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEAGUE,

FORMER PRIME MINISTER BRANKO CRVENKOVSKI. YES, "SUCH A DESIRABLE CHANGE HAS

OCCURRED" WITH INCREASED FACTORS OF INTERNAL INSECURITY, SO NECESSARY TO

NATO'S POSITIONING NEXT DOOR TO KOSOVO. IN THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA, WHICH ALSO

HAS POTENTIAL ETHNIC TENSIONS, THE ECONOMIC FUTURE IS NOT SO ROSY EITHER,

IN ANTICIPATION OF IMPROVEMENTS THAT SHOULD TAKE PLACE ONLY IN 10 YEARS'

TIME. (MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

EVEN MORE IMPORTANTLY IN TERMS OF THE FACILITY OF THAT APPROACH, THE

SOUTHERN ZONE--AS OPPOSED TO THE EASTERN ONE, WHICH DIRECTLY FACES RUSSIA

WITH THE AFOREMENTIONED NORTHERN FORK OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT--IS AN

EXCEPTIONALLY TURBULENT REGION CHARACTERIZED BY ETHNIC TENSIONS WHICH CAN

ALWAYS BE USED AS A CREATIVE CENTER FOR ALL KINDS OF STRATEGIC POSITIONING.

IN RECENT TIMES THIS HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY OBVIOUS BASED ON THE EXAMPLE

OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA. THE "INDEPENDENT MEDIA" ARE SERVING UP VARIOUS

CATASTROPHIC SCENARIOS OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE ECONOMIC AND BANKING SYSTEM

AND THE ALLEGED GENERAL CRISIS OF MORALS THAT HAS OVERCOME CROATIAN

SOCIETY. THE CREATORS OF THE UNIVERSAL CRISIS AND CHAOS ARE "WASHINGTON'S

MAINSTAYS"--SIX OPPOSITION PARTIES (THE SDP [SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY], THE

IDS [ISTRIAN DEMOCRATIC CONGRESS], THE HSLS [CROATIAN SOCIAL-LIBERAL

PARTY], THE LS [LIBERAL PARTY], THE HNS [CROATIAN NATIONAL PARTY], AND THE

HSS [CROATIAN PEASANTS PARTY], WHICH WITH DELIBERATE, PLANNED GUIDANCE

ORCHESTRATED FROM ABROAD INTEND TO PROVOKE A PARLIAMENTARY CRISIS MODELED

AFTER SIMILAR EVENTS IN 1994. THE GOAL IS TO SIMULATE A CRISIS IN THE

FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT, TO ENCOURAGE DIVISIONS WITHIN THE HDZ [CROATIAN

DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY], AND TO FORCE EARLY ELECTIONS AT THE EXPENSE OF

INCITING CITIZENS TO TAKE TO THE STREETS. BUT THE INTELLIGENCE-SUBVERSIVE

ACTIVITY OF THE SIX CROATIAN "OPPOSITION" PARTIES IN NOT SIMPLY AN INTERNAL

CROATIAN AFFAIR. IT IS ONLY ONE ELEMENT OF BROADER EUROPEAN EVENTS, TO

WHICH EUROPE SHOULD DEVOTE THE NECESSARY ATTENTION FROM THE SECURITY

STANDPOINT.

THE BASIC ASSUMPTION OF THE STRATEGISTS OF CHAOS IS THAT THE NORTHERN

PART OF CENTRAL EUROPE HAS CIVILIZATIONALLY OVERCOME ETHNIC INTOLERANCE, IN

CONTRAST TO THE SOUTHERN BELT, WITH ITS FOOTHOLD IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

REGION. THE STATUS OF ROMANIA, AS THE END POINT OF THE DANUBIAN COMPONENT

LINKING CENTRAL EUROPE TO THE BLACK SEA (THE BLACK SEA-AEGEAN GEOSTRATEGIC

NAUTICAL ZONE, CONNECTING CENTRAL EUROPE WITH THE MEDITERRANEAN), IS ALSO

GAINING IMPORTANCE.

IT IS A FACT THAT THE SOUTHERN FORK, ESPECIALLY IN THE TERRITORY OF

THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, IS DEMONSTRATING A HIGH LEVEL OF TENACITY WHICH MUST

BE COMPLETELY ERADICATED. A MORE COMPLEX, OFFENSIVE APPROACH WAS SEEN IN

THE MIDDLE OF THIS YEAR WHEN SOME OPPOSITION LEADERS WERE INVITED TO

WASHINGTON FOR TRAINING TO FAMILIARIZE THEM WITH THE SECRETS OF POLITICAL

ENGINEERING (READ: HOW TO TOPPLE DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED AUTHORITIES).

COUNTRIES OF THE "CENTER OF THE WORLD"

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE QUESTION OF THE FUTURE

EUROPEAN MILITARY AND SECURITY SYSTEM--OR SIMPLY THE QUESTION OF POLITICAL

EUROPE--IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY SIGNIFICANT. FOR THAT REASON, IT IS

INTERESTING TO EXAMINE SOME OF THE KEY MEMBER-STATES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

BASIN.

TAKING ITALY AND ITS FOREIGN POLICY AS OUR BASIS, WE CAN LOOK AT THE

SEPTEMBER CONFERENCE OF 125 ITALIAN AMBASSADORS IN FARNESINA IN THE CONTEXT

OF A REEXAMINATION AND DEFINITION OF THE FURTHER STRATEGY OF ITALIAN

FOREIGN POLICY. IN TERMS OF DOMESTIC POLICY, THIS PERIOD HAS BEEN SHAPED BY

THE LEFT-CENTER GOVERNMENT, WHILE GAINS IN TERMS OF FOREIGN POLICY HAVE

BEEN POSSIBLE PRECISELY BECAUSE OF THAT "COMPOUND INTERNAL STABILITY AND

CERTAIN DEGREE OF DIPLOMATIC FLEXIBILITY THAT BECAME POSSIBLE WITH THE END

OF THE COLD WAR AND OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE BLOCS." IN ACCORDANCE WITH

THAT, ADDITIONAL GAINS IN ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY WILL COME FROM ENTRY INTO

THE EMU [EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION], POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC AND

"MILITARY"--WHICH IS TO SAY PEACEKEEPING--OPERATIONS AND INITIATIVES IN THE

BALKANS AND MEDITERRANEAN (OPERATION ALBA IN ALBANIA AND INVOLVEMENT WITH

SFOR [UN STABILIZATION FORCE] IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA), AS WELL AS OTHER

INITIATIVES IN THE WORLD.

AT THE FARNESINA CONFERENCE, THERE WAS DISCUSSION OF INTERNAL

DIFFICULTIES, THE ORGANIZATION OF MINISTRIES, AND HOW TO BEST PROMOTE

ITALIAN ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL INTERESTS, AS WELL AS THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF

FOREIGN POLICY. IN PRACTICE THAT MEANS THE FOLLOWING: THE ITALIAN

GOVERNMENT HAS UNDERTAKEN A NUMBER OF INITIATIVES OF THE REGIONAL AND

TERRITORIAL TYPE, THEREBY, AS WAS EMPHASIZED, "RESPECTING THE REDISCOVERED

RULES OF GEOPOLITICS AND NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, THE

MIDDLE EAST, AND THE BALKANS." THUS, ON 2 SEPTEMBER 1998, CORRIERE DELLA

SERA WROTE THE FOLLOWING UNDER THE HEADLINE "SCALFARO TO DIPLOMATS: MORE

POLITICS, FEWER ECONOMIC MATTERS": "THE PLANS ARE AMBITIOUS. THUS, ITALY

INTENDS TO STRENGTHEN ITS ROLE AS THE 'ADVANCE GUARD' OF EUROPE IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN, WHICH IS ALSO BEING URGED BY MINISTER LAMBERTO DINI. TO THAT

END, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC, OSCAR LUIGI SCALFARO, WOULD LIKE FOR

OUR AMBASSADORS TO CONCERN THEMSELVES MORE WITH POLITICS AND LESS WITH

ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS. BUT ON THE EVE OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM THE DIPLOMATIC

CORPS FACES ITS OWN 'STRUCTURAL' LIMITATIONS AND SERIOUS BUDGET PROBLEMS,

ADMITS THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF FARNESINA, UMBERTO VATTANI, WHO ASKS THAT

THE STATE PROVIDE LARGER BUDGETS IF IT WANTS TO ACHIEVE THE ESTABLISHED

GOALS.... AT THE MEETING IMBUED WITH STRONG CONCERN OVER THE 'TEMPEST' THAT

HAS BEFALLEN RUSSIA, SCALFARO CALLED ON THE AMBASSADORS TO ENGAGE IN

POLITICS: 'IN TODAY'S WORLD, IT APPEARS THAT ECONOMICS HOLDS SWAY

EVERYWHERE, BUT THE KEY ACTIVITY IS POLITICAL ACTION.' MORE IMPORTANT THAN

BUSINESS DEALS IS THE ROLE WHICH OUR COUNTRY CAN PLAY. THIS WAS ADDRESSED

BY LAMBERTO DINI. IN VIEW OF THE CHANGED WORLD, WHICH IS INCREASINGLY

GLOBALIZED, THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS EMPHASIZED THE NEED FOR

EUROPEAN UNITY TO BECOME INCREASINGLY POLITICAL AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF A

UNIFIED CURRENCY. BUT WITHOUT FORGETTING THE ATLANTIC ORIENTATION 'THAT IS

BEING REDISCOVERED,' WHICH COMES ACROSS AS A MESSAGE TO THE UNITED STATES

AFTER THE TEPID SUPPORT VOICED FOR THE U.S. ATTACKS IN SUDAN AND

AFGHANISTAN. THE PRIMARY FOCUS WILL BE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN, THE REGION IN

WHICH OUR COUNTRY MUST STRENGTHEN ITS PRESENCE: 'IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO AGAIN

WIN OVER COUNTRIES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY ON THE MARGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL

COMMUNITY, SUCH AS LIBYA. IT IS NECESSARY TO PLAY A LEADING ROLE IN THE

REGIONAL CONTEXT.' ONE MUST ACT IN ONE'S CAPACITY AS THE 'ADVANCE GUARD' OF

EUROPE, BUT ALSO 'REALIZING AUTONOMOUS PLANS.' WHICH MEANS THAT ITALY WILL

CONTINUE ITS DIALOGUE WITH NORTHERN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (...)."

THE FINAL PART OF THE CONFERENCE IN FARNESINA, WHERE THE SPEECH BY

NOW-FORMER PRIME MINISTER ROMAN PRODI STOOD OUT, CLEARLY DESIGNATED "THREE

FUNDAMENTAL DIRECTIONS AND PILLARS" OF ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY.

WHAT THIS MEANS IN CONCRETE TERMS IS INDICATED BY A SUMMARY OF THE

SPEECH GIVEN BY THEN-PRIME MINISTER ROMAN PRODI: "ITALY HAS EARNED ITS

PLACE IN THE GEOPOLITICAL BALANCE OF THE POST-COLD WAR ERA, AND NOW OUR

FOREIGN POLICY NEEDS NEW INSTRUMENTS AND GREATER RESOURCES IN ORDER TO MAKE

OUR DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY MORE PENETRATING," WITH A PLEDGE OF "QUICK

DECISIONS" IN THREE AREAS: AN ORGANIZATIONAL REFORM OF THE MINISTRY OF

FOREIGN AFFAIRS, A STRENGTHENING OF ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES, AND AN INCREASE

IN STATE SPENDING. MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS LAMBERTO DINI HELD UP THE

PROSPECT OF A BROAD ARTICULATION OF DIPLOMACY THROUGH A REORGANIZATION

ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, INTEGRATED ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT AND

THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS; A STRENGTHENING OF THE ROLE OF THE

OFFICE OF SECRETARY GENERAL, "WHICH WAS, BY NO COINCIDENCE, ABOLISHED BY

MUSSOLINI"; THE CREATION OF AD HOC GROUPS TO PLAN DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES;

AND PERSONNEL SELECTIONS THROUGH A DIPLOMATIC INSTITUTE.

IN HIS SPEECH IN THE HALL FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, PRODI CITED

"THREE PILLARS" OF ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY, "IN EUROPE, THE STRATEGIC

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES, AND THE REGIONAL ROLE IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN AND BALKANS." "EUROPEAN INTEGRATION IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE, BUT

IT IS NOT EASILY ACHIEVED, WHILE THE EXPANSION OF THE EU WILL BRING WITH IT

MAJOR PROBLEMS IN DOMESTIC POLICY," HE EMPHASIZED. "WE HAVE A FREE

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES, BECAUSE CONCERNING SOME ISSUES, SUCH

AS THE MIDDLE EAST, IRAN, AND LIBYA, WE HAVE COME UP WITH OUR ORIGINAL

SOLUTIONS," HE ADDED.

HOWEVER, ITALY IS NOT AN ISOLATED CASE IN CONSIDERING THE PRIORITIES

OF ITS POLICY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. GERMANY TOO IS NOT IMMUNE TO THE

POTENTIAL DANGERS AND RISKS ISSUING FORTH FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. USING

DIPLOMATIC VOCABULARY, THIS CAN BE REDUCED TO THE FOLLOWING: CONFRONTING

ISSUES RELATING TO THE GOALS AND PRIORITIES OF ITS FOREIGN POLICY IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN, MOST OF ALL IN THE AREA OF SECURITY. THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE

ISSUES BECOMES ESPECIALLY PRONOUNCED IF ONE NOTES THAT IN THE FIRST HALF OF

NEXT YEAR GERMANY WILL ASSUME THE PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN

UNION AND WILL BEGIN PREPARATIONS FOR THE THIRD EURO-MEDITERRANEAN SUMMIT.

THE DYNAMIC OF THIS INVOLVEMENT MUST ALSO BE REGARDED IN LIGHT OF THE NEW

GERMAN GOVERNMENT, MADE UP OF A RED-GREEN COALITION, WHICH FACES TASKS THAT

ARE BY NO MEANS EASY IF ONE NOTES THAT FOR SEVERAL YEARS NOW THE PREVIOUS

GOVERNMENT AND OFFICIAL BONN HAVE EMPHASIZED THAT GERMANY IS BY NO MEANS

IMMUNE TO THE POTENTIAL DANGERS AND RISKS ISSUING FORTH FROM THE

MEDITERRANEAN. (MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

IN PARTICULAR, FORMER MINISTER OF DEFENSE VOLKER RUEHE HAS REPEATEDLY

SAID THAT GREATER ATTENTION MUST BE DEVOTED TO THE RISKS AND INSTABILITIES

OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. ULTIMATELY HIS STANDPOINT IS ALSO BACKED BY THE CDU'S

[CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC UNION] FEDERAL EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AND

SECURITY POLICY. DESPITE THIS, GERMAN SECURITY POLICY IS STILL DOMINATED BY

THE VIEW THAT GERMANY, BECAUSE OF ITS GEOGRAPHIC POSITION AND THE FACT THAT

THE COUNTRIES IN SOUTHERN EUROPE ARE MUCH MORE STRONGLY "IMPACTED" BY

EVENTS IN THAT REGION, IS NOT PREDESTINED TO PURSUE A MORE ACTIVE POLICY

TOWARD THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF EUROPE. INSTEAD, ITS PRIORITY REMAINS THE

STABILIZATION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN STATES, THE FURTHER

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, THE RESTRUCTURING OF TRANSATLANTIC

RELATIONS, AND THE INCLUSION OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE'S SECURITY ARCHITECTURE.

THE PREVIOUS PRIORITIES ARE IN KEEPING WITH THE IMMEDIATE

SECURITY-POLICY INTERESTS BASED ON GERMANY'S GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION. BUT

THEY ARE GIVING SHORT SHRIFT TO THE FACT THAT THE INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT

SECURITY-POLICY ROLE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CAN STRONGLY INFLUENCE, OR RATHER

IS ALREADY INFLUENCING THE STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS OF EUROPEAN SECURITY

POLICY. IGNORING THAT FACT COULD LEAD TO THE LONG-TERM WEAKENING OF

GERMANY'S POSITION IN WESTERN SECURITY-POLICY ALLIANCES AND INSTITUTIONS,

SUCH AS NATO AND THE WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU). GERMAN POLICY TOWARD THE

MEDITERRANEAN AND--AS ITS BASIS--THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GERMAN CONCEPT FOR

THE MEDITERRANEAN WOULD BE IMPORTANT INITIAL STEPS TOWARD AVOIDING SUCH A

DEVELOPMENT OF EVENTS.

[BOX, PP 34-36]

BULWARK OF FREEDOM

MILITARY PRESSURES AND THE CREATION OF INTERNAL TENSIONS (THEIR

FABRICATION AND ACCELERATION) FOR THE PURPOSE OF SENDING THE REPUBLIC OF

CROATIA DOWN THE PATH OF FINAL COLLAPSE IS THE MAIN PREOCCUPATION OF

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ENEMIES. THE INTENTION OF THE ONE REMAINING WORLD

"SUPERPOWER" IS TO TAKE CONTROL OF ALL STATES IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE. IT IS

USING INDIRECT AND DIRECT METHODS IN PURSUIT OF THIS. THE FORMER COMPRISE A

WIDE SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITIES TO INTERFERE WITH THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF

SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES BY CREATING A FINANCIAL-ECONOMIC-COMMERCIAL AND

POLITICAL NETWORK THAT IS TO EXTEND TO THE FULL ESSENCE OF THE STATE IN

QUESTION. ALL OF THIS PRESUPPOSES OPTIMAL EXPLOITATION OF THE LAWS OF THE

STATE IN QUESTION SO THAT THESE PLANS ARE EFFECTED BY LEGAL MEANS. BUT IF

THE EXISTING LAWS OF THE STATE IN QUESTION CANNOT ACCOMMODATE SUCH

AMBITIOUS GOALS, THEN CERTAIN POLITICAL STRUCTURES ARE UTILIZED FROM THE

RANKS OF THE POLITICAL OPPOSITION IN THE STATE IN QUESTION, WHICH THROUGH

THEIR AGENTS AND SUBVERSIVE-POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ARE SUPPOSED TO EXERT

PRESSURE ON THE EXISTING DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED AUTHORITIES TO FORCE THE

LATTER TO WITHDRAW AND TURN OVER TO THE FORMER, ACTING ON BEHALF OF THEIR

COLONIAL MASTERS, ALL KEY MEANS FOR CONTROLLING ALL SEGMENTS OF THE STATE,

THE ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND SPIRITUALITY. IN THIS WAY, CROATIA WOULD BECOME

YET ANOTHER U.S. COLONY IN ITS GLOBAL DOMAIN OF FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION,

PRECEDED BY THE LOSS OF STATE, NATIONAL, ECONOMIC, AND SPIRITUAL

SOVEREIGNTY.

NATO WAR GAMES IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

"NATO AND THE SLOVENE MILITARY ARE PREPARING FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF A

COUP IN CROATIA, AND 4,200 MEMBERS OF THE NATO RAPID-REACTION FORCES WILL

CONDUCT EXERCISES RIGHT ALONG THE BORDER WITH THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA."

THIS WAS HOW ONE "INDEPENDENT WEEKLY" ANNOUNCED THE EXERCISE, THE SO-CALLED

NATO PEACEKEEPING OPERATION WITH THE VERY SIGNIFICANT NAME COOPERATIVE

ADVENTURE EXCHANGE '98 (CAE '98), IN WHICH 1,200 MEMBERS OF THE SLOVENE

ARMY WILL ALSO PARTICIPATE. IN A SIMULATED SITUATION OF ARMED CONFLICT

BETWEEN TWO IMAGINARY NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, WITH THE FICTITIOUS NAMES

FARMLANDIA AND FATLANDIA, NATO UNITS ALONG THE SOUTHEASTERN BORDER OF

SLOVENIA WITH THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA WILL TAKE UP POSITIONS BETWEEN THE

BELLIGERENTS AND MONITOR THE NEGOTIATED CEASE-FIRE.

ANOTHER "INDEPENDENT WEEKLY," CITING AN UNNAMED DIPLOMATIC SOURCE,

PRESENTS A SUMMARY OF THE EXERCISE, EMPHASIZING THAT "BECAUSE OF THE

SITUATION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND KOSOVO THE WEST CANNOT ALLOW CROATIA TO

BECOME A SECURITY BREACH." "AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE IMAGINARY STATE OF

UTOPIA (THE SFRY, EDITOR'S NOTE), FOUR ALSO-IMAGINARY STATES EMERGE: NARNIA

(SLOVENIA, EDITOR'S NOTE), FARMLANDIA (CROATIA, EDITOR'S NOTE), FATLANDIA

(THE FRY, EDITOR'S NOTE), AND XANDRIA (BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, EDITOR'S NOTE).

IN THIS SCENARIO, NARNIA IS CONSIDERED A STABLE AND PROSPEROUS COUNTRY,

FARMLANDIA AND FATLANDIA ARE STABLE BUT BURDENED BY CERTAIN INTERNAL

CONTRADICTIONS, AND XANDRIA HAS SERIOUS PROBLEMS. XANDRIA SCHEDULES

DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS, BUT IT FACES THE THREAT OF SERIOUS CONFLICT BETWEEN

TWO ETHNIC COMMUNITIES THAT ENJOY THE SUPPORT OF THEIR MOTHER STATES,

FARMLANDIA AND FATLANDIA. IN THIS ATMOSPHERE, THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF

XANDRIA DECIDES TO SEEK THE ASSISTANCE OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL IN ORDER

TO AVERT A POTENTIAL ETHNIC CONFLICT." "THUS, IF THIS SIMULATION HAD TO BE

RELATED TO SOMEONE," THIS WESTERN SOURCE CONTENDS, AS CONVEYED BY THE

AFOREMENTIONED "INDEPENDENT WEEKLY," "THEN ONE WOULD HAVE TO SEE IT AS

REFERENCES TO THE OPPOSING SIDES IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, AS WELL AS

MILOSEVIC'S SERBIA AND TUDJMAN'S CROATIA."

THE CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE SLOVENE FORCES AND DEPUTY COMMANDER IN THE

EXERCISE, BRIG. LADISLAV LIPIC, DECLARED IN SLOVENIA'S DELO THAT HE HAD NO

COMMENT ABOUT REPORTS IN THE CROATIAN MEDIA THAT THE EXERCISE IS A

SIMULATION OF A MILITARY COUP IN CROATIA, EMPHASIZING THAT THE EXERCISE WAS

PLANNED IN 1996 AS A LARGE-SCALE MEDICAL-CORPS EXERCISE. BECAUSE OF THE

CHANGED SITUATION IN THE WORLD, THE EXERCISE BECAME A PEACEKEEPING

OPERATION, AND LAST YEAR THE SLOVENE GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO HOLD IT IN

DOLENJSKA, POSOVJE, AND KOZJANSKO.

IT IS PRECISELY THE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS AND THE ARRIVAL ROUTES OF THE

NATO AND PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE UNITS (BY WAY OF AIRBASES IN MARIBOR AND

CERKLJE, BY MILITARY TRANSPORT SHIPS AT THE PORT OF KOPAR, AND BY ROAD FROM

ITALY, AUSTRIA, AND HUNGARY) THAT PROVIDE THE BEST INDICATION OF THE TRUE

NATURE OF THE EXERCISE--THE SOUTHEASTERN AREA THAT MATCHES THE ROUTE OF THE

BECHTEL HIGHWAY AND THE SAVA RIVER AS AN INTERNATIONAL WATER TRADE

CORRIDOR. ALSO, IN THE BROADER CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY DEVELOPMENTS,

WE CANNOT FAIL TO NOTE THE ABANDONMENT OF AUSTRIAN NEUTRALITY WHEN AUSTRIA

BLOCKED THE DANUBE TRANSPORT OF SEVERAL FRENCH TANKS THAT WERE TO TAKE PART

IN A JOINT SLOVAK-FRENCH MILITARY EXERCISE IN THE PERIOD LEADING UP TO THE

SLOVAK PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS.

PARTICIPATING IN THE MILITARY EXERCISE IN SLOVENIA ARE EIGHT NATO

STATES (THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, THE NETHERLANDS, GERMANY, ITALY,

DENMARK, BELGIUM, AND LUXEMBOURG), WITH 4,060 SOLDIERS GROUPED IN A

RAPID-REACTION BRIGADE, THE CORE OF WHICH COMPRISES A U.S. PARATROOPER

BRIGADE TOGETHER WITH FORMATIONS FROM THE OTHER MEMBERS, AS WELL AS 280

SOLDIERS FROM 10 PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE STATES (AUSTRIA, THE CZECH REPUBLIC,

HUNGARY, LATVIA, MOLDOVA, POLAND, ROMANIA, MACEDONIA, FINLAND, AND

SLOVENIA). SLOVENIA IS CONTRIBUTING 1,210 SOLDIERS TO THE EXERCISE. IT IS

DIPLOMATICALLY RUDE THAT NO OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE "FICTITIOUS"

OR, AS THEY SAY, "IMAGINARY STATES" IN THE BRUSSELS STRATEGISTS' SCENARIO

WERE INVITED. THE OFFICIAL OBSERVERS OF THE EXERCISE WILL BE MILITARY

ATTACHES OF NATO AND PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE STATES ACCREDITED WITH NATO IN

BRUSSELS.

LET US EXAMINE THE TRUE ASPECTS OF VARIOUS MEDICAL-CORPS AND

PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM THE THEORETICAL STANDPOINT. IN THE THEORY AND

PRACTICE OF SPECIAL WARFARE, PSYCHOLOGICAL-PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES COMPRISE

NOT ONLY POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PRESSURE, BUT ALSO MILITARY PRESSURE.

MILITARY PRESSURE OR DEMONSTRATIONS OF FORCE ARE EXPRESSED THROUGH THE

OBVIOUS AND FACTUAL PRESENCE OF STRONG ELEMENTS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF A

FOREIGN POWER OR MILITARY ALLIANCE IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF THE STATE

TOWARD WHICH THE SPECIAL WARFARE OPERATIONS ARE BEING DIRECTED. THESE

FORCES, UNDER THE AUSPICES OF MANEUVERS OR LAND, SEA, AND AIR EXERCISES,

ARE DEPLOYED IN SUCH A WAY THAT UNDER CORRESPONDING ORDERS THEY COULD

OBJECTIVELY THREATEN THE INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF SOME

STATE. METHODS OF EXERTING MILITARY PRESSURE ON ANOTHER STATE MAY INCLUDE

THE ACTUAL OR FEIGNED MOBILIZATION OF ARMED FORCES, THE REGROUPING OF

PEACEKEEPING FORMATIONS OR THEIR REDEPLOYMENT TO SPECIFIC

STRATEGIC-OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL AREAS, MOVEMENTS BY STRONG NAVAL FORCES

NEAR TERRITORIAL WATERS, STATE BORDERS, AND SO ON. ONE OF THE AIMS OF

MILITARY PRESSURE MIGHT BE FOR A SPECIFIC FOREIGN POWER OR MILITARY

ALLIANCE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT, THROUGH ITS MILITARY PRESENCE, TO A DOMESTIC

ENEMY OF THE SPECIFIC COUNTRY IN LAUNCHING ACTION TO ACHIEVE ITS POLITICAL

GOALS OR THOSE OF THE FOREIGN POWER. THERE IS VERY LITTLE DISCERNIBLE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF A SPECIFIC FOREIGN POWER

OR MILITARY ALLIANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY PRESSURE AND THEIR DIRECT

INTERFERENCE WITH THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF SOVEREIGN STATES, AND THE DANGER

FROM THEM IS ALWAYS IMMEDIATE. (MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

IN SHORT, NATO'S EXERCISE IN SLOVENIA IS OF OFFENSIVE SIGNIFICANCE,

AND ITS GOAL IS TO DEMONSTRATE THE INSTRUMENT OF MILITARY PRESSURE ON THE

COUNTRIES IN THE REGION THAT ARE LOCATED ON THE SOUTHERN EUROPEAN WING OF

NATO'S EXPANSION TO THE EAST, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE FOLLOWING:

- THE REGIONAL APPROACH OF THE SECI AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE SOUTH

AND SOUTHEAST OF EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN PROBLEM (THE ROLE OF FRANCE,

GERMANY, AND RUSSIA);

- KOSOVO AND THE GENERAL EUROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITECTURE, WITH

PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE ROLE OF RUSSIA AND FRANCE IN RESOLVING THE

KOSOVO CRISIS.

MEANWHILE, HOPING TO AVOID GIVING VOICE TO THE ABOVE, PUBLIC-RELATIONS

CIRCLES IN BRUSSELS ARE LEANING TOWARD THE INTERPRETATION THAT THE CROATIAN

REACTIONS TO THIS EXERCISE ARE INTENDED MORE FOR THE DOMESTIC PUBLIC,

"BECAUSE THERE IS NO SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE RIGHTLY WONDERING WHY

CROATIA IS NOT YET A MEMBER OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE."

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE MAIN STAFF OF THE SLOVENE FORCES AND OF NATO

WHO WISH TO DISPEL FEARS ARE USING EUPHEMISMS AND SAYING THAT THIS IS ABOUT

SENDING "CERTAIN SIGNALS ABOUT THE NEED TO CREATE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE

STATE FOR ADMISSION AS A MEMBER OF THE PARTNERSHIP."

HISTORICAL MEMORIES

IT IS ESSENTIAL TO KNOW THAT THE REAL THREAT TO CROATIA HAS ALWAYS

COME FROM THE WEST, IN THE BROADEST CIVILIZATIONAL SENSE--FROM ECONOMIC TO

MILITARY. THIS MAKES THE PARADOX EVEN GREATER, SINCE THROUGHOUT ITS LONG

HISTORY CROATIA HAS FOUGHT BLOODY WARS ON ITS EASTERN BORDERS TO PROTECT

THAT SAME CIVILIZATION. ITS LONG HISTORY IS IN FACT MARKED BY THAT

INCESSANT STRUGGLE ON ITS EASTERN BORDERS AND BY THE CONSTANT

CIVILIZATIONAL--AND THUS MILITARY AS WELL--THREAT FROM THE WEST. IN THE

INTERREGNUM, HOWEVER, THERE WAS ROOM FOR VARIOUS SOCIETAL AND POLITICAL

EXPERIMENTS, JUST LIKE TODAY, WHEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EU ARE

DEMANDING THAT IT INTRODUCE LAWS THAT EXIST NOWHERE IN THE WORLD, NOT EVEN

IN THE COUNTRIES THAT ARE MAKING DEMANDS CONCERNING CROATIA'S BEHAVIOR IN

THE THIRD MILLENNIUM. BUT PERHAPS THE GOAL OF THESE STRATEGIES IS TO

PROVOKE CHAOS AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE, PERHAPS SOMETHING THAT GOES BEYOND

EVEN THE WILDEST IMAGINATION, SUCH AS THE CREATION IN THIS REGION OF A

"SECURITY BREACH" THROUGH THE INSTALLATION OF POLITICAL FORCES THAT ARE NOT

INTERESTED IN DEFENDING NATIONAL INTERESTS, BUT RATHER WISH TO CREATE,

THROUGH GENERAL ANARCHY AND LAWLESSNESS, COMMUNICATION CORRIDORS THROUGH

WHICH ULTIMATELY HORDES OF DRUG TRAFFICKERS AND REFUGEES FROM THE EAST

WOULD ONCE AND FOR ALL INUNDATE THIS LEADERLESS WESTERN EUROPE, SINCE

PREVIOUS IDEOLOGIES (FROM FASCISM TO COMMUNISM) AND TWO WORLD WARS WERE

UNABLE TO DO SO.

DURING A RECENT VISIT TO CROATIA, HER EXCELLENCY THE BARONESS

THATCHER, A MEMBER OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER, RECIPIENT OF THE MEDAL OF

MERIT, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY, SAID THIS: "CROATIA IS THE MOST

STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT COUNTRY WHEN IT COMES TO THE EFFORT TO ENSURE THE

STABILITY OF THE REGION. IT IS EUROPEAN IN THE CULTURAL SENSE, AND IT IS

INSTINCTIVELY PRO-WESTERN. TODAY IT IS A STABLE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL STATE,

WITH AN EXCELLENT MODERN MILITARY, A WELL-EDUCATED WORKFORCE, TALENTED

ENTREPRENEURS, AND A VARIETY OF NATURAL RESOURCES, AND ITS VARIED BEAUTY,

ESPECIALLY ITS COASTLINE, OFFERS IT AN ENORMOUS POTENTIAL FOR TOURISM. OF

COURSE, THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME THAT BROADER EUROPEAN INTERESTS HAVE

DEPENDED ON CROATIA'S SUCCESS. IN THE 16TH CENTURY, AS EVERY CROAT KNOWS,

CROATIA WAS KNOWN AS THE BULWARK OF CHRISTIANITY--THE ANTEMURALE

CHRISTIANITATIS. AND SINCE EUROPE WAS THREATENED BY THE THEN-ISLAMIC

SUPERPOWER--THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE--THAT EXPRESSION WAS MORE THAN ACCURATE. BUT

BULWARKS ARE NOT ONLY PLACES BEHIND WHICH ONE RETREATS. THEY ARE ALSO

FORTIFICATIONS FROM WHICH ONE ADVANCES. AND CROATIA HAS ADVANCED ONCE

AGAIN, WITH THE RECOVERY OF ITS TERRITORY AND THE RESHAPING OF EUROPE'S

BORDERS. IN A CERTAIN SENSE, I SEE CROATIA AS A BULWARK ONCE AGAIN. NOT AS

A BULWARK AGAINST YOUR TURKISH FRIENDS, AND CERTAINLY NOT AGAINST YOUR

BOSNIAK ALLIES, BUT RATHER AS A BULWARK AGAINST THE TERROR AND OPPRESSION

THAT IS STILL A THREAT, NOW NOT IN CROATIA OR BOSNIA, BUT RATHER IN KOSOVO,

WHERE THE ETHNIC CLEANSERS ARE ONCE AGAIN AT WORK. WHO KNOWS WHERE AND WHEN

THIS MADNESS WILL END?! I BELIEVE THAT THE CROATIAN MISSION IS TO BE A

BULWARK OF FREEDOM--AN ANTEMURALE LIBERTATIS. AND FROM BEHIND THAT BULWARK,

NOT BY ARMED FORCE (GOD FORBID!), BUT RATHER THROUGH ITS EXAMPLE, ITS

POSITIVE HELP, AND EVERY POSSIBLE FORM OF INFLUENCE, CROATIA MUST PROMOTE

THE RULE OF FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE REGION. THAT IS A

CHALLENGE WORTHY OF ANY PROUD NATION."

WITHOUT REFUTING THE ASSERTION THAT THIS IS NOT A CHALLENGE WORTHY OF,

AS HER EXCELLENCY PUTS IT, ANY PROUD NATION, THIS IS AT THE SAME TIME A

GEOPOLITICAL GAME PERMEATED BY INTERESTS AND (GEOPOLITICAL) MARKETING, AND

THUS ALSO BY COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS, WHICH IN VIEW OF ITS HIGH MORAL

DIMENSION--ABOUT WHICH THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT--ALSO EXACTS A PRICE.

WHEN DEMOCRATS MARCH

WE MUST CONCLUDE THAT ALL THE RECENT EVENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

ARE BY NO MEANS COINCIDENTAL AND THAT THE UNDERLYING GOAL IS ALSO TO

EXPLOIT THOSE EVENTS FOR NOTHING MORE AND NOTHING LESS THAN THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF A PRECEDENT--FOR DIRECT MEDIA INTERFERENCE WITH THE

INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF A SOVEREIGN COUNTRY WITH AN OPEN CALL TO CIVIL

DISOBEDIENCE. IN THAT EFFORT, THESE CENTERS OF POWER ARE DOING SOMETHING

THAT WAS INCONCEIVABLE UNTIL THE LATE 1980S: OPENLY DISCUSSING POSSIBLE NEW

CHAMPIONS OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS IN CROATIA AND THEIR

OSTENSIBLE "QUALITIES." THE BASIC PREMISE OF THEIR DOCTRINE IS THAT

CHARISMATIC LEADERS AND PRIMITIVE NATIONALISM ARE ARCHAIC REMNANTS THAT ARE

IRRECONCILABLE WITH THE FUTURE THAT LIES AHEAD. THEY ALSO SAY THAT A

"MANAGERIAL FOCUS ON GOALS THAT IMPROVE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THEIR

IMMEDIATE SITUATION INSTEAD OF ON IDEALS THAT REQUIRE UNIVERSAL SACRIFICES

MAKES POLITICS LESS DANGEROUS, AND PERHAPS EVEN USEFUL TO PEOPLE." THIS IS

THE "NEW SCIENCE" THAT AWAITS US IN THE 21ST CENTURY. BUT LET US LOOK AT

HOW THIS IS TAKES SHAPE IN "PRIMITIVE SOCIOPOLITICAL COMMUNITIES." WE CAN

TAKE AS AN EXAMPLE THE MAJOR CONTROVERSY IN WASHINGTON SURROUNDING THE ROLE

OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) IN THE ATTEMPTS TO DEPOSE

PRESIDENT SADDAM HUSAYN. AT THE CENTER OF THE CONTROVERSY IS THE CHIEF OF

THE MIDDLE EAST DIVISION OF THE CIA'S DIRECTORATE OF OPERATIONS, STEVE

RICHTER, WHO IS ACCUSED OF BACKING UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO ENCOURAGE

MILITARY COUPS IN BAGHDAD, INSTEAD OF LENDING SUPPORT TO REVOLUTIONARY OR

GUERRILLA MOVEMENTS. BUT WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CASE OF BAGHDAD

AND THE CURRENT EVENTS IN CROATIA AND A LARGE SHARE OF ITS POLITICAL

OPPOSITION, WHICH IS OPENLY CALLING FOR CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND DEMANDING

EARLY ELECTIONS AND ULTIMATELY THE REPLACEMENT OF THE DEMOCRATICALLY

ELECTED AUTHORITIES BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS? IN THE CASE OF BAGHDAD, THE CIA

IS BEING CRITICIZED NOT FOR VIOLATING INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ATTEMPTING TO

VIOLENTLY OVERTHROW THE AUTHORITIES OF A SOVEREIGN STATE, BUT RATHER FOR

ITS WRONG CHOICE OF METHODS AND PEOPLE TO DO THAT DIRTY JOB.

WHEN SECRETS ARE NOT KEPT

THE DEMOCRATIC MASK FOR THESE CONSPIRATORIAL SCENARIOS IS SOMEWHAT

MORE SOPHISTICATED IN THE CASE OF CROATIA, BUT THE GOAL IS THE SAME: TO

PROVOKE GENERAL SOCIETAL, AND WITH IT POLITICAL CHAOS. VIEWED IN

GEOPOLITICAL TERMS, THE INTENTION IS AS FOLLOWS: CROATIA MUST BE WEAKENED

MILITARILY AND DEPRIVED OF ITS ADRIATIC COAST, AFTER WHICH SOMETHING KNOWN

AS GREATER BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WILL BE CREATED. THE IRREDENTIST EFFORTS IN

ISTRIA AND RIJEKA AND THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF IVAN PAULETTA'S "ISTRIAN

LANDS" PROJECT, WHICH WAS PUBLICLY PROMOTED AT THIS YEAR'S "ITALY AT THE

EASTERN DOOR" GATHERING IN ROME (SEE HRVATSKI VOJNIK, NO 34, "THE MUSLIM

QUESTION AND THE GEOPOLITICAL IMAGE OF CENTRAL ASIA," PP 14-16), AS WELL AS

THE STATEMENT BY BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA PRESIDENT ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC THAT THE

PARLIAMENT OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WILL MOST LIKELY NOT

ACCEPT THE AGREEMENT ON SPECIAL RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA IN

THE FORM IN WHICH IT WAS INITIALED, ONLY CONFIRM THE PREVIOUS ASSERTION

CONCERNING THE PROCESS OF CREATING A GREATER BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA THAT IS

UNDER WAY. "IN A SITUATION LIKE THE CURRENT ONE, IF I WERE IN HIS SHOES

(EJUP GANIC'S, EDITOR'S NOTE) I WOULD SIGN THE AGREEMENT AND THEN LET

PARLIAMENT REJECT IT," IZETBEGOVIC SAID, ADDING THAT IN THAT WAY THE

"CREDIBILITY OF THE COUNTRY AND OF GANIC COULD BE SAVED." IZETBEGOVIC'S

PROPOSAL IS ALL THE MORE INTERESTING SINCE IN THAT CASE, IN THE SPIRIT OF

RECIPROCITY, THE PLOCE-NEUM AGREEMENT MUST BE RESPONDED TO IN THE SAME WAY.

IZETBEGOVIC HAS CHARACTERIZED THE AGREEMENT WITHOUT ITS ANNEXES AS "RATHER

EMPTY," CALLING IT AN "ABSTRACTION." IZETBEGOVIC'S ABSTRACTIONS ARE ALL THE

MORE DANGEROUS AND PROVOCATIVE IF ONE NOTES THAT THIS WOULD DRAW THE DAYTON

ACCORD ITSELF INTO QUESTION. THE QUESTION IS HOW MUCH OF A COINCIDENCE THIS

CAN BE IN VIEW OF THE SCENARIO OF THE NATO MILITARY EXERCISE IN SLOVENIA.

UNFORTUNATELY, THE "CROATIAN OPPOSITION SIX," THROUGH THEIR

INTELLIGENCE-SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES, ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN ALL THESE

PROCESSES; WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE AWARE OF IT IS LESS IMPORTANT, BUT AFTER

THE "WASHINGTON TRAINING" (SEE HRVATSKI VOJNIK, NO 37, "HOW THAT IS DONE IN

PRACTICE," PP 30-31) THEY ARE IN ANY EVENT "FULLY ARMED" WITH VARIOUS

SKILLS. (MORE) 99E35039A NOV 98 DS/BC

INSTITUTES FOR CREATING CHAOS

THUS, IN JULY OF THIS YEAR (AROUND THE TIME WHEN SOME OF THE

OPPOSITION PARTIES WERE VISITING WASHINGTON), A CERTAIN UNITED STATES

INSTITUTE OF PEACE HELD A BEHIND-CLOSED-DOORS DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC

"CROATIA AFTER TUDJMAN," FEATURING PROMINENT U.S. EXPERTS ON THE PROBLEMS

OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE. THE ATTENDEES WERE U.S. DIPLOMATS AND

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, OR CIA, THE DEPARTMENT

OF DEFENSE, THE STATE DEPARTMENT, VARIOUS HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS, AND

BRAIN TRUSTS, OR ACTUALLY INDEPENDENT ANALYSTS OF POLITICAL EVENTS.

THE UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE IS AN INDEPENDENT, NONPARTISAN

INSTITUTION OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS TO PROMOTE

RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES [AS PUBLISHED].

NOT THAT LONG AGO, AS PART OF AN INCREASINGLY FORCEFUL

PSYCHOLOGICAL-PROPAGANDA OFFENSIVE AGAINST CENTRAL STATE INSTITUTIONS, THE

INSTITUTE OF PEACE PRESENTED TO THE CROATIAN PUBLIC A SUMMARY OF THE

DISCUSSION THAT TOOK PLACE ON THAT DAY IN JULY.

WHILE POLITELY ACKNOWLEDGING THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESIDENT DR. TUDJMAN

AND THE HDZ IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDEPENDENT, STRONG, AND UNIFIED

NEW CROATIAN STATE WHICH CAME INTO BEING AMID THE TEMPESTUOUS POLITICAL AND

MILITARY EVENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE THAT FOLLOWED ON THE HEELS OF THE

BREAKUP OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, ACCORDING TO THE REPORT IN QUESTION THE

EXPERTS GATHERED AT THAT MEETING AGREED THAT CROATIA WILL MOST LIKELY

DEVELOP AS A DEMOCRATIC STATE WITH AN OPEN SOCIETY. BUT ACCORDING TO THE

UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE, THIS "CROATIAN PROSPERITY," OR FINAL

PHASE, AS THEY CALL IT, WILL "COME ONLY AFTER THE REGIME OF FRANJO

TUDJMAN." UNTIL THAT HAPPENS, "CROATIA WILL REMAIN A HYBRID STATE," THE

INSTITUTE OF PEACE REPORT STATES.

THE REPORT BY THE UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE IS A SORT OF "MAP

OF CHAOS" WHICH FOREIGN ENEMIES WISH TO TRANSLATE INTO ACTION WITH THE HELP

OF DOMESTIC ENEMIES. IN PRACTICE, THIS MEANS THE FOLLOWING: THE ABROGATION

OF SOVEREIGNTY AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF STATE TERRITORY, BASED PRIMARILY ON

THE REGIONAL PRINCIPLE, WITH A TENDENCY TO CREATE NEW HYBRID STATE ENTITIES

SUCH AS A GREATER SLOVENIA, A GREATER BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA..., ALL WITHIN THE

FRAMEWORK OF THE SECI. THE ROOTS OF THESE ENDEAVORS EXTEND ALL THE WAY BACK

TO 1918. THE VERSAILLES ERA AND THE RAPALLO BORDERS. AN ADDITIONAL FACTOR

ATTEMPTING TO EFFECT THESE PROCESSES, BESIDES THE NOW-STANDARD SERB

MINORITY, WHICH UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND BRUSSELS IS

RETURNING IN INCREASING NUMBERS (AND IS ALREADY BECOMING A SOURCE OF

INSTABILITY, ESPECIALLY IN VUKOVAR, AND NOT WITHOUT GOOD REASON, SINCE THAT

IS AN IMPORTANT GEO-TRADE HUB, AND WILL BE THAT ESPECIALLY AFTER

CONSTRUCTION OF THE DANUBE-SAVA CANAL, AND NOW, HAVING FAILED TO ACHIEVE

THIS THROUGH WAR, IT MUST NOW DISPLACE THE CROATIAN AUTHORITIES IN

PEACETIME, USING OTHER METHODS, SO THAT THEY CANNOT PROFIT FROM THIS

GEO-TRADE HUB OF EXTREME IMPORTANCE TO CENTRAL EUROPE AND EUROPE AS A

WHOLE), IS THE ITALIAN MINORITY IN ISTRIA THROUGH THE "ISTRIAN LANDS"

PROGRAM LAUNCHED EARLIER BY PAULETTA, WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THAN THE

REINSTATEMENT (RESTORATION) OF THE TREATY OF RAPALLO ADAPTED TO NEW

CONDITIONS. BUT THE COMPLEX OF EVENTS IS MUCH BROADER, AND WE CANNOT ESCAPE

THE IMPRESSION THAT A BITTER STRUGGLE IS UNDER WAY IN THIS REGION BETWEEN

THE ANGLO-SAXON CONCEPT OF EUROPE ON THE ONE HAND AND THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN

ONE ON THE OTHER HAND.

IN LIGHT OF THIS, THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE

GAINS A NEW DIMENSION WHEN IT ATTEMPTS TO RESPOND TO THE QUESTION "WHAT

WILL COME AFTER TUDJMAN?"

"THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE DISCUSSION EXPECT THAT THERE WILL BE A SPLIT

IN THE RULING PARTY, COMING QUICKLY AFTER THE HOLDING OF PARLIAMENTARY

ELECTIONS, BUT CERTAINLY BEFORE THE NEXT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION." SOME U.S.

EXPERTS EVEN VOICED THE THEORY THAT THE LIBERAL WING OF THE HDZ WILL IN

SOME WAY JOIN THE DEMOCRATICALLY ORIENTED OPPOSITION. IT IS BELIEVED THAT

THIS SORT OF POLITICAL ALLIANCE WILL BE STRONGER THAN EVEN THE MORE

MODERATE NATIONALISTS IN THE HDZ'S RANKS. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE HARDCORE

NATIONALISTS FROM THE HDZ'S RANKS, AND THUS THOSE WHO WISH TO ANNEX PARTS

OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA IN ORDER TO FORM A LARGER CROATIAN STATE, WILL BECOME

ONLY A MINOR FACTION IN POST-TUDJMAN CROATIA, THE EXPERTS GATHERED AT THE

INSTITUTE OF PEACE MEETING PREDICT. ON THAT OCCASION, THE HDZ WAS

CHARACTERIZED AS A VERY SUCCESSFUL MOVEMENT BECAUSE "DURING THE SHORT

PERIOD OF ITS EXISTENCE IT HAS ACHIEVED EXCEPTIONALLY MAJOR SUCCESSES--AN

INDEPENDENT AND RECOGNIZED CROATIAN STATE, CONTROL OVER ALL OF CROATIA'S

TERRITORY, SUCCESS IN THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, AND POLITICAL

INFLUENCE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WHICH PERSISTS TO THIS DAY (WHICH OBVIOUSLY

REPRESENTS THE GREATEST SIN OF THE RULING PARTY, ASIDE FROM THE ACTION THAT

WAS EXCUSED ONLY FOR PRAGMATIC REASONS--THE SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE TO THE

JNA [YUGOSLAV PEOPLE'S ARMY] AGGRESSION AGAINST CROATIA, AND THUS ITS

SUCCESSFUL OPPOSITION TO THE NEW YUGOSLAV IDEAL WHICH WAS SUPPOSED TO COME

TO LIFE IN THE EARLY 1990S UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ANTE MARKOVIC, EDITOR'S

NOTE)."

WITH THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE ABOVE GOALS, THE NEED FOR THE HDZ, AND

THUS ITS POPULARITY AS WELL, IS DIMINISHING, THE U.S. EXPERTS AT THE

AFOREMENTIONED CONFERENCE CONCLUDED. BUT IN THAT CASE THE SO-CALLED

INSTITUTE OF PEACE IS THROWING UP A SMOKESCREEN, BECAUSE TO THAT INSTITUTE

AND ITS FINANCIERS HDZ POLICY SINCE DAYTON HAS BECOME COUNTERPRODUCTIVE FOR

THE SIMPLE REASON THAT IT IS FIGHTING FOR CROATIAN NATIONAL INTERESTS WHICH

ARE NOT IN KEEPING WITH THE OPEN SOCIETY CONCEPT, THE NEOLIBERALISM THAT IS

SUPPOSED TO FACILITATE THE PENETRATION OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS. BUT

BEFORE THAT CAN HAPPEN, IT IS NECESSARY TO SOW MASS

POLITICAL-INTEGRATIONIST HYSTERIA, IN WHICH THE FICTITIOUS GOAL THAT IS SET

OUT, IRONICALLY OR NOT, IS "ENTRY INTO EUROPE." AND JUST AS IN ROCK

HYSTERIA ONE "LOSES CONTROL OVER BODILY FUNCTIONS AND A STATE OF RAPTURE

SETS IN, ACCOMPANIED BY EPILEPSY-LIKE CONVULSIONS OF THE LIMBS, YELLING,

BITING, LAUGHTER, URINATION, AND THE TEARING OFF OF ONE'S CLOTHES, ALL

EXPERIENCED AS HAPPINESS AND JOY," IN THE SAME WAY THE MEDIA UNDER THE

CONTROL OF THE SAME CENTERS OF POWER ARE INDUCING IN THE NATIONS OF CENTRAL

AND EASTERN EUROPE A "EUROATLANTIC INTEGRATION HYSTERIA" WHICH WILL

ULTIMATELY, IN A GALLOPING EPILEPTIC TRANCE OF UNATTAINED BLISS, CAUSE THE

COLLAPSE OF SOVEREIGNTY OF A NUMBER OF NATIONAL STATES, WHICH WILL THUS

BECOME A BOUNDLESS AREA OPEN TO EXPLOITATION BY TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

THIS PROMISED "EUROATLANTIC BLISS," A SORT OF SUBSTITUTE FOR THE FORMER

OPIUM OF COMMUNISM, IS SO RELATIVIZED AND INTERTWINED WITH AN ENTIRE

PRESENT-DAY SUBCULTURE THAT ONE OPPOSITION LEADER, PRESUMABLY FOLLOWING HIS

MODEL FROM ACROSS THE ATLANTIC, HAS PUBLICLY DECLARED THAT HE HAS USED

DRUGS. WHAT CAN BE THE REACTION TO THAT BY PARENTS OF CHILDREN WHO HAVE

ALREADY BEEN INFECTED BY THAT EVIL, BUT ALSO BY EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS WHICH

HAVE MADE THE DANGERS RESULTING FROM ILLEGAL DRUG TRAFFICKING THE TOP

PRIORITY IN FORMULATING A SECURITY CONCEPT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY? THIS

CROATIAN OPPOSITION LEADER HOPES TO TAKE POWER AND BECOME THE LEADER OF THE

STATE. BUT THE INCOMPLETENESS OF THE CROATIAN CRIMINAL CODE IS EVIDENCED

PRECISELY BY THE FACT THAT THERE EXISTS NO LEGAL BASIS FOR SANCTIONING SUCH

PUBLIC EXCESSES, WHICH ARE INDEED PUNISHED IN FRANCE, FOR EXAMPLE,

REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY COME FROM PUBLIC FIGURES OR THE MEDIA. BUT IN

CROATIA, A COUNTRY OF DEMOCRATIC LIBERTIES, THE SOROS NETWORK OF SOROS'S

OPEN SOCIETY PUBLICLY PROMOTES LEGALIZING THE USE OF SOFT DRUGS AND THE

LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA.

THE TRUE INTENTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS AS WELL AS THE CONCERN OF THE

INSTITUTE OF PEACE REGARDING THE FUTURE OF CROATIA AFTER TUDJMAN ARE

REFLECTED IN THE GEOPOLITICAL VIEW OF THE FUTURE OF THIS REGION.

"FIRST OF ALL, HIS DEPARTURE WILL HAVE AN ENORMOUS EFFECT ON THE

FUTURE OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BECAUSE IT WILL WEAKEN THE MOSTAR-ZAGREB AXIS,

AND MODERATE POLITICIANS SUCH AS KRESIMIR ZUBAK WILL CONSTITUTE A SERIOUS

ALTERNATIVE TO THOSE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WHO ADVOCATE HARDLINE CROATIAN

NATIONALISM. MOREOVER, BECAUSE OF THE REASONS NOTED ABOVE, TUDJMAN'S

SUCCESSORS WILL BE LESS INCLINED TO OFFER POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC AID TO

HERCEG-BOSNA. ONCE IT IS ISOLATED FROM ZAGREB, HERZEGOVINA, ECONOMICALLY

BACKWARD AND WEAK, WITH A SMALL POPULATION, WILL HAVE TO BEGIN TURNING

TOWARD SARAJEVO AND INTEGRATION IN THE FEDERATION." THE PARTICIPANTS GAVE

SPECIAL WEIGHT TO THIS POINT OF THE DISCUSSION, CONCLUDING THAT TUDJMAN'S

DEPARTURE FROM THE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP POSITION WILL HAVE A GREATER

INFLUENCE ON BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA THAN THE DEPARTURE OF ANY OTHER POLITICIAN,

WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC.

THE MESSAGE OF THE PARTICIPANTS, DIRECTED AT U.S. POLITICIANS AS THE

STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR THIS AND SIMILAR GATHERINGS, IS THE FOLLOWING: "THE

UNITED STATES SHOULD LEND ITS SUPPORT TO A NUMBER OF POSITIVE PHENOMENA IN

CROATIA SUCH AS INSISTENCE ON THE REPATRIATION OF SERB REFUGEES, INSISTENCE

ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OPEN AND INDEPENDENT MEDIA, AND NONINTERFERENCE

WITH THEIR WORK. INSISTENCE ON AN IMPROVEMENT OF THE ELECTORAL PROCESS TO

BRING IT UNDER MULTIPARTY CONTROL. THE TERMINATION OF THE MOSTAR-ZAGREB

AXIS, INCLUDING THE ELIMINATION OF VOTING RIGHTS FOR THE DIASPORA AND ITS

REPRESENTATION IN THE CROATIAN ASSEMBLY. THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ALSO

INSIST ON THE ACCEPTANCE OF MEASURES TO WEAKEN THE PRESIDENTIAL BRANCH AND

STRENGTHEN THE PARLIAMENTARY AND JUDICIAL BRANCHES, AND SUPPORT A

TRANSPARENT AND FEASIBLE PROGRAM OF PRIVATIZATION."

THIS ARTICLE MAY CONTAIN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL.

COPYING AND DISSEMINATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT

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---------------------------------

Article Id: dreeu12161998000131

Document Id: 0f44hfx04abgh5

Insert Date: 12/17/98

Purge Date: 12/30/99

Publish Date: 12/16/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 111

Title: Serbia: Daily Sees Kosovo Role for US 'Special Operations Forces'

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-350

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 16 Dec 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Serbia, United States

Sourceline: AU1612080998 Belgrade Vecernje Novosti in Serbi-Croatian 13 Dec 98 p 3

AFS Number: AU1612080998

Citysource: Belgrade Vecernje Novosti

Language: Serbi-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Mica Zivojinovic: "Five Tasks"

NATO's big "concern" for the safety of the OSCE verification mission

in Kosmet [Kosovo and Metohija] has proved to be due to the already-seen

role of US special operations forces (SOF), whose goal is to further

threaten the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and provide parallel

professional, expert, and material aid to terrorists in Albania, Macedonia,

and Kosmet, "building and strengthening the United States national

interests in the Balkans and progressing to a further fragmentation of the

Yugoslav territory" with blood-smeared hands.

According to the US understanding, terrorist organizations have never

threatened the vital interests of the United States official policy [as

published], except in cases when they were used openly and for "selfish

interests," with adverse effects on US actions and policy. According to

military intelligence (DIA) and CIA experts, in the case of Kosmet, the

official US policy is to supply terrorists through "nongovernmental"

organizations and institutions with money, weapons, training, diplomatic

passports for traveling and hiding their true identity, diplomatic

shipments for smuggling weapons and explosives, safe shelter, and

protection. In return, the OVK [Kosovo Liberation Army -- UCK in

Albanian], as a terrorist-separatist organization, is creating and

maintaining the crisis in the region, thus providing a justification for

the US presence, which is again required to manage the crisis by well-known

military, economic, and political instruments, serving the US national

interests in the Balkans. The OVK has also enabled the US to continue its

destructive action in the Balkans within the framework of its well-known

European policy.

Since the signing of the agreement on the OSCE and NATO verification

missions in Kosmet, the CIA, as a dominant NATO intelligence service, has

made several impermissible concessions to the OVK without consulting the

European allies. The first concession in the sense of favoring and giving

the legitimacy to terrorists was that the official representatives of the

US policy in the Balkans had more contacts with the terrorists than with

the official representatives of the Serbian and Albanian sides. In that

sense, an ultimatum to the FRY to pull its security forces out of Kosmet

was designed to enable the Siptar [derogative term for Albanians]

terrorists to organize an additional mobilization.

By agreeing to meet the terrorist demands, the US official policy has

drastically deviated from the international community's stand on terrorism

and the proclaimed struggle against this evil. The United States is

economically and militarily strengthening states harboring terrorism, and

not taking any action in the sense of disarming the terrorists and halting

and preventing their activities. According to this "peace-establishment"

scheme, the OVK terrorists are not prevented from carrying out their

operations, nor are any measures taken to make the Siptars participate in

negotiations on Kosmet.

By encouraging them, the US is openly destabilizing not only the FRY,

but the Balkans and the Mediterranean region as well. The practice and

experience to date show that the US SOF have four priority tasks -- the

anti-terrorist struggle, the anti-narcotics struggle, migrant and refugee

control, and the anti-arms-smuggling struggle. The SOF now have a fifth

task: to evacuate the OSCE verification mission if the security situation

deteriorates. In this case, a definition has not been provided of "a

deteriorated security situation" -- who and when, under what conditions,

and in whose interest can the security situation in Kosmet "deteriorate"?

The only thing clear in this series of questions and speculative answers is

that Yugoslavia will get the bill for "a deteriorated" security situation,

even if the "deterioration" is a recognizable, already seen scenario of the

Sarajevo blood-spattered Markale, which was followed by NATO air strikes on

Serb positions in the Serb Republic [RS], and which may be expected in

Kosmet as part of the "protection of US interests" in this area.

There is no doubt that this would provide a reason for NATO special

operations forces to intervene in Kosmet, that is, in the FRY, from the

territory of Macedonia. These forces have been used many times in

hostage-rescue operations, the mine clearing of roads, specific areas, and

facilities, providing emergency medical care, and so on.

In their commando role, the SOF use cover, speed, and precision in

attacking the already defined enemy and selected targets. Their missions

have included arrests, kidnappings, assassinations, the destruction of

facilities, recovering personnel and equipment, and

intelligence-reconnaissance operations. In this case, during the

data-collection and processing phase, the SOF will be cooperating closely

with the reconnaissance aircraft crews on the NATO mission in the air space

over Kosmet. The SOF role also covers collecting the information, as well

as spreading psychological information within and beyond the area where

they are stationed, particularly in areas where they want to intervene. The

SOF are also well trained for "surgical operations" in combat formations of

the opponent, they have a good language training (familiarity with

languages in the broader area of engagement) and are capable of good ground

orientation, which makes them particularly suitable as a back up for

"coalition partners."

The OVK perhaps?!

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---------------------------------

Article Id: drweu12111998000418

Document Id: 0f3z8ns02xabmp

Insert Date: 12/14/98

Purge Date: 12/27/99

Publish Date: 12/11/98

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 386

Title: France: Magazine Views NSA's 'Spy' Activities

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-98-345

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Excerpt

Document Region: West Europe

Document Date: 11 Dec 1998

Division: West Europe

Subdivision: France

Sourceline: BR1112114498 Paris Le Nouvel Observateur in French 10-16 Dec 98 pp 10-22

AFS Number: BR1112114498

Citysource: Paris Le Nouvel Observateur

Language: French

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Unattributed report: "How the United States Spies On Us"

[passage omitted] Despite the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United

States is continuing to spend a fortune on spy satellites and interception

bases. The gigantic technological arsenal deployed against the USSR has

been reoriented and developed. There is no longer a single target as in

the days of the Soviet Union. It is the entire world which is being

"watched" -- "even the friendly countries," as President Carter's former

adviser for security matters, the highly influential Zbigniew Brzezinski,

says.

How is this incredible -- and secret -- power in the service of the

White House to be described? The NSA -- the independent organization which

is in charge of it -- is much richer than the CIA. It employs at least

100,000 people worldwide and has a real budget which some people put at

over $16 billion -- nearly 100 billion French francs [F]! John Pike, the

expert on intelligence matters at the Federation of American Scientists,

says with a burst of laughter: "It is very simple: Today, the gigantic

NSA picks up everything, or almost everything. Let us say that 95 percent

of communications goes into its huge computers. Yes, nearly all telephone

conversations, faxes, e-mails, and data transfers are intercepted." Not

everybody agrees with this maximum estimate, but it is clear that the

percentage is very high. In one of his rare interviews, the NSA chief

acknowledged that the agency had to process as much information as there is

in the Library of Congress -- the largest in the world -- and this... every

three hours. This prodigious flow is supplied primarily by secret bases

which "listen" to the communications satellites (mainly the Intelsat

satellites). The United States has around 50 stations of this kind in a

score of countries scattered over the five continents. The most important

are in Britain, New Zealand, Japan, Germany, and Australia, at Pine Gap:

The computer room there is so huge that the operators communicate among

themselves by radio. These bases are awesomely effective. They "spy" on

the communications satellites in two ways: Either they intercept directly

the beam when it comes down to earth or they receive the "harvest" of the

spy satellites which are positioned close to the communications satellites

and intercept their traffic. These spies in space with the strange names

of Mercury, Mentor, or Trumpet also monitor radio transmissions from earth.

Thanks to their huge aerials (the size of a soccer pitch, it is said),

they pick up, for instance, the waves emitted by the mobile telephone relay

stations... There are apparently nine top secret satellites of this kind

in geostationary orbit, including two over Europe. The latter send their

"harvest" to the huge Menwith Hill NSA base in Britain.

Telephone Access Road Under Atlantic [subhead]

Thus, according to all the experts consulted -- even those closest to

the NSA and the least paranoid -- it is clear that every time that you

phone abroad and hear an echo -- a sign that it is a satellite and not a

cable which is relaying the communication -- that conversation is

"processed" by the NSA via its ground stations.

The undersea cables? In fact, it is by them that most transatlantic

communications are carried. A few years ago, these were traditional

telephone cables. In order to listen to them, an NSA submarine installed

an "access road" ["bretelle"] 5,000 meters under the sea. This was, it is

said, technically difficult but scientifically simple. Today, they are

made of optical fibers on which the former methods have no effect. Are

they "unmonitorable?" No, many experts claim. According to some, the NSA

has invented a method of intercepting data transfers under water at a

precise point on the cable where the "acceleration" of communications takes

place. According to others, the agency quite simply colludes with the

telephone companies and operates in the relay stations, where the cable

comes out of the ocean.

Such secret agreements with private companies would not be the first

-- far from it. James Bamford, the only author of a book on the NSA,

recalls that in the fifties and sixties, the NSA -- whose existence nobody

suspected at that time -- set up Operation Shamrock: Every evening, the

telegraph companies -- in particular, Western Union -- gave an officer of

the agency a copy of all the traffic entering the United States or leaving

it.

"Patriotism and well understood interest make any company approached

by the NSA give in," a veteran of the agency explains. "That is why I am

certain that the new mobile telephony world network, Iridium, which makes

it possible to phone from anywhere, is already under the NSA's thumb. Why?

Because the venture's two main promoters are very important suppliers of

the agency, which, I will remind you, has a budget of at least F50

billion..."

Overall, the NSA therefore intercepts millions of communications of

every kind each day. They are digitized and sent by shielded cable and by

satellite to Fort Meade. There, not all of them are "recorded" -- far from

it. Only a small proportion is preserved and processed. How is the

selecting done? In the first place, by telephone numbers: Some are

systematically watched (the important embassies, the presidential palaces,

the ministries of sensitive countries); others are watched depending on

the circumstances (major companies, hotels, international conferences...).

Selection is also done by voice recognition: The agency's computers -- Cray

computers whose chips are made in a special plant at Fort Meade -- are able

to identify thousands of people automatically by their voices: Terrorists,

politicians, diplomats... Last, the NSA's "clients" (the CIA, the State

Department, the Department of Defense, or the Department of Commerce) draw

up a list of key words or expressions whose appearance in a conversation, a

file, or an e-mail should automatically trigger the recording of the

communication. Let us also state that, according to James Bamford, the

agency can instantly translate conversations in over 100 languages.

After processing and selection, how many interceptions are actually

used? "Between 10,000 and 15,000 each day," says an expert of the French

intelligence services who has worked with the NSA. Between 10,000 and

15,000 conversations listened to, summarized, and forming the subject of a

report. Each day. Other experts speak rather of tens of thousands. The

exact figure is top secret. The NSA Can "Sniff" Internet [subhead]

This is not all. The NSA obviously also takes a great interest in

Internet. According to a former agency employee turned computer security

expert, Wayne Madsen, "US Internet providers obviously authorize the NSA to

'sniff' everything that goes over the Web and to 'filter' out anything of

interest to it. Likewise, many people suspect the agency of

'booby-trapping' Internet sites -- with or without the latter's' consent --

so as to be able to consult the content of all the computers that access

the sites concerned, from a distance and undetected.

There is even worse to come. In some cases, communications --

short-wave transmissions in particular -- can only be intercepted from

positions close to the target. It takes intervention on the spot, abroad.

In order to achieve this, the NSA and the CIA together have created a

top-secret crack unit: the Special Collection Service (SCS). Working

under diplomatic cover, these specialists set up a fully fledged listening

service in the US embassies and consulates. Sometimes the operation is

carried out by Commonwealth allies -- less liable to be suspected of spying

--, as a former Canadian secret service officer, Mike Frost, recounts in a

book that created an enormous sensation in Ottawa in 1994.

So the United States wants to listen to and read everything. It also

wants to see everything. Extremely powerful spy satellites that "steal"

images are developed by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), set up in

1961 but whose existence was officially denied until 1992. Their precision

(or resolution, as the specialists call it) is nothing short of staggering.

Some Keyholes (or KH's, as the on-board cameras are called) can detect

objects no larger than 10 centimeters from several hundred kilometers away.

In other words, they are capable of identifying an automobile's make --

but not of reading its license plates, as is sometimes claimed.Other

satellites, the Lacrosses, which are fitted with radar, "see" in the dark

or through clouds with hardly less precision. Others still have an

infrared sensor that makes them so sensitive to heat that they pick up a

one-tenth of a degree Celsius increase in ground temperature: By measuring

temperature differences, they can detect certain buried or camouflaged

targets. Lastly, the latest ones (which go by the highly fanciful name of

KH-12 Improved Crystal) appear to be fitted with all these various sensors,

but it is impossible to find out more: The precise capabilities of spy

satellites -- 15 or so are in operation, according to the French

intelligence services -- are some of the United States' best-kept

secrets.What purpose does this "science fiction" outfit, as Zbigniew

Brzezinski calls it, really serve? There is first its confessable purpose,

first and foremost the war against terrorism. Two US soldiers were killed

in an explosion at a Berlin discotheque in 1986. Responsibility for the

attack was not claimed. Nevertheless, the United States immediately

identified the country behind it, Libya: The NSA had intercepted and

deciphered communications between Tripoli's embassies in East Berlin and

Rome. A few minutes after the explosion, a member of al-Qadhdhafi's secret

service said: "The operation has been carried out. It has left no traces."

A few days later, Reagan authorized the bombing of the Libyan capital. In

the same way, some sources report that Washington forwarded the content of

encrypted messages between Tehran and the Iranian Embassy in France to

Paris, thus enabling the DST [Territorial Surveillance Directorate] to

identify beyond any doubt the murderers of former prime minister Shahpur

Bakhtiar. Lastly, it was very probably the NSA that supplied the White

House with proof that Bin-Ladin was to blame for last summer's bombings at

the US embassies in Africa.

Another target that the US secret services openly have in their sights

is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This is one of the

spy satellites' main purposes. By combining various types of image (radar,

infrared, etc.), the photo interpreters can, in certain cases, detect a

concealed chemical or bacterial agent production site. The NSA, for its

part, tracks dealers in "precursors" (the base products for this type of

weapon) and undercover suppliers of military know-how. Its collimator, or

list of phone numbers to be kept under surveillance, include Russian and

Chinese businesses that help Iran or North Korea with their ballistic

missile programs.

Another "honorable" field of action is monitoring wars. The Keyhole

satellites saw the deployment of Iraqi troops on the border with Kuwait in

July 1990. On 27 July, six days before the invasion, the infrared sensors

even picked up the military trucks carrying water, diesel oil, and

ammunitions. Likewise, the New York Times reports that the NSA recently

sent dozens of agents to Kosovo to monitor the withdrawal of the Serbian

troops -- and to find out what their real intentions were. However, all

the high-tech arsenal in the world is no substitute for a political

decision. The moral of the story is that the Keyholes saw the Srebrenica

massacres in July 1995, but the White House lifted not a finger.

Lastly, Washington is increasingly using its amazing intelligence

paraphernalia as a trump card -- or means of exerting pressure -- in peace

settlement negotiations. As one specialist explained, "As you know, the

CIA is standing surety for part of the Wye Plantation agreement between

Yasir 'Arafat and Binyamin Netanyahu. What does that mean? Well, mainly

that, in one form or another, it will make satellite photos -- for example,

those of Hamas training camps -- and perhaps even tapped conversations

between Palestinian terrorists available to the parties." In the same way,

the CIA played a role in the negotiation of the Dayton agreements between

Bosnia and Serbia.

More generally, Washington now grudgingly admits the intelligence

services' role in diplomatic activities. In a rare attack of frankness,

then NSA Director John MacConnell explained in 1994: "There is no single

foreign policy event in which the US Government is not interested and in

which the NSA is not directly mixed up." However, there is a limit beyond

which no official will publicly go. The United States will never

officially admit to listening in to friendly countries, and its allies in

particular. The issue is too sensitive. Last April, the book by New

Zealand researcher Nicky Hager, "Secret Power," created a violent

controversy in the European Parliament. Hager describes in detail how the

NSA "listens in" to commercial communications satellites (the Intelsats),

largely from its bases in the Commonwealth countries. He makes a household

word of the organization's alleged name, Echelon, and explains how all

phone calls, e-mails, and faxes to and from Europe are, as we have seen,

systematically "filtered" by the NSA. The specialists had known all about

it, and about the symbiotic relationship between the NSA and its British

counterpart, GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters), in particular,

for 10 years, but the wider public and its representatives in Strasbourg

were unaware of it. Members of the European Parliament thus denounced

systematic interceptions over Paris, Bonn, and Madrid in a virulent report

last September and demanded explanations from the United States.

Washington has not responded. The NSA refused to comment on the report

when asked about it by Le Nouvel Observateur.

France, Favorite Target [subhead]

The head of the NSA under Reagan, William Odom, broke the taboo in his

office at the Hudson Institute in Washington: "Of course that sort of

operation exists, so what? What is so scandalous about it? Everyone is

trying to do the same, you French out in front. But you are pottering

about in your little corner, whereas we have agreements with Britain and

the Commonwealth, which gives us considerable resources. It would take you

years and billions of dollars to acquire an outfit like ours."

France, moreover, is one of the NSA's favorite targets. A former

agency employee told us: "You are always up in arms against Washington, on

the UN Security Council, in Africa, in arms sales, and in the Iraqi crisis,

so Fort Meade obviously tries to find out what you are up to." Actually,

the White House's "Big Ears" are interested in all the friendly countries.

It wants to find out their strategies in international trade negotiations.

The Washington Post has revealed that Bill Clinton's envoy to Japan in

1995, Mickey Kantor, benefited from NSA help during very tough talks with

Tokyo on automobile import quotas. In the same way, according to "Insight"

magazine, the NSA filled the rooms and conference halls of the major

Seattle hotels with bugs a few years before: Bill Clinton had invited 15

leaders of Asian and Pacific Rim countries to discuss an economic pact.

Lastly, the NSA supplied US diplomats with tappings during the strong-arm

contests between Europe and the United States over safeguards for the arts

[in investment deregulation]. Indeed, this type of spying is

institutionalized: There is an office of executive support at the

Department of Commerce that liaises between negotiators and intelligence

agents -- several members of the CIA and NSA are members of it.

Then there is intelligence for the benefit of private businesses. In

Washington it is said that there is no question of spying for Chrysler or

Exxon and that it would be detrimental to free competition, but, it is

claimed, the secret services can help US companies in one circumstance:

for the purpose of denouncing the bribes that enable foreign firms to win

fat contracts at the expense of US firms. Two French businesses at least

have, it is said, thus been caught out by the NSA. Thomson was in line to

win the contract for providing Amazonia with radar cover in 1995, but, at

the last moment, the NSA purportedly informed the White House of the

kickback paid to Brazilian officials by the French company, and Bill

Clinton is said to have intervened personally with the Brazilian Government

to upset the apple cart; in the end Raytheon carried off the contract.

Airbus is also said to have lost a major sale in the Persian Gulf to Boeing

for similar reasons. Lastly, it was reportedly NSA that discovered the

treason committed by a General Motors executive, Lopez, who had sold major

trade secrets to Volkswagen. How? A former agency employee explained:

"The NSA monitors all movements of funds in the Swiss banks with great

attention. One day, it discovered that this Lopez was trying to invest a

fortune, so nothing was easier than to trace it back to its generous donor:

Volkswagen." Do the US Big Ears work for US multinationals in cases other

than corruption? The French secret services are sure they do, but they

lack proof.

So are the US spies omnipotent? No. The intelligence failures, as

they are dubbed in Washington, have come thick and fast over recent months.

The James Bonds foresaw neither the bombings at the US embassies in Africa

nor the firing of a ballistic missile over Japan by North Korea; nor, above

all, did they anticipate the nuclear tests in India in May. This latter

setback has been heavily criticized by Congress, and an ad hoc committee of

inquiry chaired by Admiral David Jeremiah has been set up. It has

discovered that the CIA had no well-placed source in India and, above all,

that the agency with the job of studying the satellite photos was too

short-staffed to take advantage of the Indian frames. Indeed, on close

inspection, pictures of the preparations exist, but no one had seen them

before the explosion. As David Jeremiah explained: "There are too many

photos coming in every day. The photo interpreters are utterly swamped."

Overabundance and saturation are the real threat to the US

intelligence services. The situation at the NSA is little short of

comical. You would think you were in Chaplin's "Modern Times" at Fort

Meade. James Bamford came across an exhausted employee's outburst in an

internal agency paper. It read: "Try and imagine a block of paper 2

meters wide, 2 meters tall, and 20 meters long that moves past you on a

conveyer belt every 10 minutes every day." This, he says, is the amount of

information he has to process, so it is not surprising that the NSA

destroys over 1,000 metric tonnes of unused documents in a special tank

every year.

There is another danger that the secret services find terribly

worrying: the proliferation of cryptology apparatus. Message-coding

machines were rare and extremely expensive in the sixties -- and the NSA

often used to strike a secret deal with the supplier to hand over the keys

(as it did with the Swiss company, Crypto AG). "But now, these

technologies are within everyone's reach," Wayne Madsen explained. "Any

telephone equipment dealer offers scramblers and coders at rock-bottom

prices." Most of them can be easily "broken" by the NSA, but not all of

them: some have very long keys that take days, months, or even years of

computer processing to discover, during which time the information sought

becomes obsolete.

The NSA thus implored the Clinton administration to force cryptography

apparatus manufacturers to render their equipment accessible to listening

in by the agency. After a tough battle in Congress, the White House had to

back down. The OECD also refused last year to make this type of constraint

compulsory for computer equipment -- despite, once again, pressure from

Washington, and this time from London and Paris as well.

The space spies are having to see past increasingly sophisticated

camouflage. "It is a case of the coat of armor and the sword," one expert

said. "A game of hide and seek between the indiscreet eye and its target."

When preparing for its nuclear tests, India placed all its cables and

compromising apparatus underground, whereas North Korea built military

workshops in underground tunnels.

Space Espionage's "Private Sector" [subhead]

Then there is the privatization of space intelligence. For the last

year, the CIA has no longer had a monopoly on high-precision satellite

images. US companies have the right to use their own satellites to take

photos with 1-meter resolution, barely more than those taken by Helios, the

French spy satellite, and to sell the frames. Russian firms are now doing

the same, and the Israelis, Japanese, and Indians will be doing it

tomorrow, but the US Government has not spoken its last word. The White

House reserves the right to shut off the flow of these private sector

images -- which, moreover, cannot be sold to certain countries, such as

Iraq and North Korea -- whenever it wants. What is more, Washington put on

a show of strength last year: The US Army destroyed a satellite in orbit

with a laser beam and announced the fact. Officially, it was merely an

experiment, but all the private -- and state -- operators have taken the

threat on board. Lastly, NRO chief Keith Hall undertook last year to

develop sensors capable of "seeing" underground.

The NSA has reacted as well. It has for several years been financing

a highly ambitious program: the quantum computer -- thousands, nay,

millions of times more powerful than today's Crays. When it has been fully

developed, it will probably make child's play of the most sophisticated

codes, unless it is already up and running, in secret, at Fort Meade. Last

but not least, Bill Clinton wrung from Congress the largest budget increase

the secret services have had in 15 years last October. One can never be

too careful. The US President wants to be sure that his successors

continue monitoring the planet from the White House basement in the 21st

century.

[Box, p 16] The Intelink Revolution [box head]

The United States has invented spying in real time: the Intelink

network. Since 1994, 50,000 hand-picked intelligence officers and the main

political decisionmakers have been linked up to the secret NSA, CIA, and

military intelligence service databases via a sort of ultraprotected

Internet. Wherever they are in the world, they can thus consult the latest

tappings, the frames taken that same day by the spy satellites, or reports

from agents on the ground. According to the book ["Top Secret Intranet" --

Le Nouvel Observateur editorial note] by Federick Martin, a former NSA

official, Intelink comprises 440,000 electronic pages. [end of box]

[Box, p 18] "Never Say Anything" [box head]

A few years ago, the US Congress discovered that the NRO, the spy

satellite manufacturer, had concealed no less than the equivalent of F25

billion in its accounts. It was not a case of embezzlement, but merely a

way of being able to conduct undercover operations without alerting foreign

countries. This fortune had long remained unused, as successive managers

had not been informed of its existence... The obsession with secrecy is to

be found everywhere at the NRO. Its letterhead has only been known since

1992. Every time the press discovers a spy satellite's code name, it is

immediately changed, and the agency's new headquarters, the building of

which has been partially concealed from Congress, is "furtive," in other

words, difficult for enemy radar equipment and satellites to detect... It

is a religion at NSA (the listening station). Do its three initials not

stand for "never say anything"? Its employees are allowed to travel abroad

only exceptionally. The NSA provides them with dentists and surgeons in

case they talk too much while under anesthesia, and they are encouraged to

intermarry. This is why the agency's Fort Meade headquarters has cinemas,

theaters, and restaurants. Last but not least, the prime ministers of the

Commonwealth countries that work closely with the NSA must themselves swear

not to reveal the details of the agreements between their governments and

the agency. [end of box]

[Description of source: Paris Le Nouvel Observateur in French

--left-of-center weekly magazine featuring domestic and international

political news]

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---------------------------------

Article Id: drsov12091998001145

Document Id: 0f3tc7g0386kxm

Insert Date: 12/11/98

Purge Date: 12/24/99

Publish Date: 12/09/98

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 144

Title: Russia: U.S. Kosovo Policy Criticized

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-98-343

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia, The Americas, East Europe

Document Date: 9 Dec 1998

Division: Russia, North America, Balkan States

Subdivision: Russia, United States, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: MM0912165198 Moscow Rossiyskaya Gazeta in Russian 9 Dec 98 p 7

AFS Number: MM0912165198

Citysource: Moscow Rossiyskaya Gazeta

Language: Russian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Article by Vladimir Lapskiy: "Alarming Map of Europe.

President Bill Clinton 'Has Approved Secret Plan To Overthrow

President Milosevic's Regime'"

Washington's "sentences" of this kind about foreign leaders are no

longer a surprise. A couple of weeks ago Bill Clinton signed the "Act on

the Liberation of Iraq," in other words on overthrowing President Saddam

Husayn, which, according to the CIA's number-crunchers, should cost the

U.S. treasury $97 million. The expenditure on removing the "Milosevic

regime" is not specified. The plan for the operation will consist of two

components -- supporting Montenegro in its efforts to gain greater

independence from Belgrade and subsidizing the opposition in Serbia itself.

As we can see, everything is very simple, as if politics is a pack of

cards from which any hand can be dealt.

In actual fact, the Americans feel more confident than anybody in

Yugoslavia. Their observers in Pristina and the other four Kosovo cities

have filled up all the hotels. European observers from the Organization

for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) have been forced to rent

accommodations from single old people in hovels with outside

"conveniences." But, according to Belgrade newspaper Tan [as

transliterated], the Europeans are displeased most of all because the Yanks

have "monopolized" the talks on Kosovo's political future leaving them --

the Europeans -- only to get soaked by the rain in the fields. In other

words, to deal directly with local inspections. Thus, the United States

has actually given the "contact group" and OSCE the role of assistants in

achieving its own objectives. It is relevant to observe that the OSCE

observer mission is also led by an American -- William Walker.

To what else are the observers turning their attention in Yugoslavia?

The current OSCE mission in Kosovo sharply differs from all previous ones:

Never before have U.S. and NATO military-strategic interests affected the

general scheme of conflict resolution to such an extent. It can be assumed

that Albanian separatists will take full advantage of this fact:

Considering the Americans to be their covert though not overt allies, they

are behaving provocatively. Their gunmen are armed to the teeth and are

constantly replenishing their arsenals from neighboring Albania (OSCE

observers are unarmed). Foreign correspondents report that the Kosovo

Liberation Army (UCK) separatists are mounting patrols at approaches to

certain localities, checking documents, and letting through only the

"friends of Kosovo," that is to say their own supporters.

Under the agreement between U.S. mediator Richard Holbrooke and

President Milosevic, only 27 Serb police precincts are left in Kosovo.

Their activities have been restricted. "While the UCK's defeated units,"

the German weekly Der Spiegel writes, "are once again behaving like

heroes." They have contemptuously rejected Holbrooke's proposal to create

joint Serb-Albanian patrols.

Thus, things are a little more peaceful in the Province of Kosovo.

There is less shooting. But no end to the crisis is in sight. Albanian

separatist leader Demaci has approved Washington's peacekeeping plan in

principle: The UCK has agreed to defer the achievement of its objectives

as regards winning full independence, but in three years a referendum must

be held on the province's full independence -- no more and no less. This

is the only condition on which the UCK is prepared to agree to temporary

autonomy.

Serbian President Milan Milutinovic saw the new U.S. proposals as a

trap. They envisage the maximum weakening of ties between the Province of

Kosovo and the rest of Serbia. Thus, for instance, Kosovo deputies will

not sit in the Serbian parliament but will be able to send 30 of their

representatives to the Yugoslav parliament. Thus, Kosovo is essentially

becoming a third Yugoslav republic besides Serbia and Montenegro with

rights equal to theirs.

This scheme is unacceptable to the Serbs. The U.S. plan goes beyond

the framework of the October accords, Milutinovic says. Serbia favors

Kosovo's democratic self-government, but within Serbian borders. But the

Americans' plan violates both the Serbian and the Yugoslav constitutions.

Humanitarian problems have not been completely solved although

considerable resources -- $150 million (EU countries are paying two-thirds)

-- have been allocated to overcome them. In icy winds thousands of

homeless and starving people are wandering along Kosovo roads and hiding in

forests. So far the food, medical, and material aid delivered to Kosovo

has been clearly inadequate.

The Kosovo crisis might not flare up as it did before but it is like a

pile of smoldering wood which could catch fire again at any moment. Jiri

Dienstbier, UN special representative for human rights, warns that Kosovo

is on the brink of a new catastrophe in which the West will be fully

involved. "Neither the OSCE mission nor anybody else has found it possible

to force the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army' to lay down its arms."

Here it is important to observe that the task of the observers who are

traveling around in jeeps is to monitor the Serb police's activities

without paying attention to Albanian gunmen, as if they do not exist in

Kosovo. In these conditions new armed clashes between UCK gunmen and Serb

police officers are a distinct possibility.

The Americans and NATO members are predicting such a turn of events.

NATO rapid response forces -- a 1,700-strong contingent of soldiers which

could be moved to Kosovo in a few hours -- have been stationed in

neighboring Macedonia. In this case it is not hard to figure out the

result: If they enter a neighboring country a situation analogous to the

Bosnian situation will arise. But we have, as the saying goes, already had

that lesson....

Russia has done much to solve the military conflict in Kosovo, using

personal contacts with Yugoslav leaders and diplomatic moves. Recently at

NATO headquarters in Brussels our military men agreed to participate in

Operation Eagle Eye -- a system of carrying out monitoring flights over

Kosovo. Russian An-30B's will be used for aerial observation in the

province. The NATO members politely declined ground cooperation,

specifically with our military intelligence officers. NATO would like to

keep Russia at a distance in the present phase of overcoming the crisis.

True, a group of Russian observers has been allowed into Kosovo.

On viewing the events in Yugoslavia, the thought that the United

States would like to undermine and if possible completely destroy the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -- the leading country in the Balkans -- no

longer seems absurd. It would be easier to deal with small or weakened

states in this refractory region. That is obviously why it wants to bring

down Milosevic, who is a thorn in its side.

But the unabated conflicts in the Balkans are also apparently to its

advantage They, these conflicts, enable NATO not only to show itself as a

peacemaker but also to talk about the need for its eastward expansion. It

is well known that the United States always has the last word in NATO....

The Kosovo crisis is now entering a crucial phase. Another 1,500

observers are due at any moment to join the 500 who are already here. But

calm without peace is deceptive. Too much mutual hostility and hatred has

accumulated in the hearts of Serbs and Albanians, too many weapons are in

their hands. Have all sides involved in the conflict got enough fortitude

and common sense to defuse the Kosovo time bomb?

[Description of Source: Rossiyskaya Gazeta -- Government daily

newspaper.]

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Article Id: dreeu12021998000209

Document Id: 0f3gkgd00a3tp3

Insert Date: 12/04/98

Purge Date: 12/17/99

Publish Date: 12/02/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 56

Title: Bulgaria: Daily Sees US Attitude to Milosevic as 'State Terrorism'

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-336

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 2 Dec 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Bulgaria, United States, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: AU0212084198 Sofia Duma in Bulgarian 2 Dec 98 p 7

AFS Number: AU0212084198

Citysource: Sofia Duma

Language: Bulgarian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Ventseslav Karaivanov: "State Terrorism in

Action"

Several days ago, the London Observer reported that the CIA and other

US services are developing plans to topple the legally elected President of

the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosevic, and to tear

Montenegro and Kosovo away from the federal state. Instead of the

anticipated denials, State Department spokesman James Rubin officially

stated that the US Administration "would approve of removing Slobodan

Milosevic from power." He promised the Serbian opposition and Montenegrin

"reformers" help in removing the President. According to him, in the last

10 years, Milosevic has been "at the center of all Balkan crises." Without

him, Yugoslavia would become a "real democracy."

Everyone has the right to like or dislike a certain politician, but no

one has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of another state.

This applies even more to a diplomat of a superpower. In addition, the

open support for terrorist and separatist forces is a violation of

international law. This is being done by a state that claims to be the

most democratic state in the world. There is no other definition of such

actions other that "state terrorism," which the United States otherwise

likes to publicly denounce.

The Yugoslav nations have elected their President, and in addition,

the elections took place under international observation. The

international observers did not contest even one election in the FRY. Only

the Serbs and the Montenegrins have the right to decide who will rule them

and how. No one has the right to interfere with their choice, and even

less to inspire revolts and putsches.

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Article Id: dreeu11081998000084

Document Id: 0f280x104cb9ce

Insert Date: 11/10/98

Purge Date: 11/23/99

Publish Date: 11/08/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 297

Title: Albania: CIA Crackdown on Islamists in Albania

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-312

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas, Near East/South Asia

Document Date: 8 Nov 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America, Arab Africa

Subdivision: Albania, United States, Egypt

Sourceline: JN0811085198 Paris Al-Watan Al-'Arabi in Arabic 6 Nov 98 pp 30-32

AFS Number: JN0811085198

Citysource: Paris Al-Watan Al-'Arabi

Language: Arabic

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by Riyad 'Alam-al-Din in Tirana

At the beginning, the custom's official at Renas International

Airport, which is around 25 km from the capital Tirana, thought that a

military coup had taken place in Albania. During the many years of his

work at the airport, he never saw this much military mobilization, this

many tanks, and such strict security measures all over the airport and the

areas around, as on the evening of that Sunday, 28 June 1998. Even during

the Pope's historic visit to Albania, Renas Airport did not go through a

similar state of siege.

The airport staff were worried throughout the night. When troops took

up their positions on runway number 1, a gray colored plane landed bearing

the insignia of the US airforce and parked in a remote area away from

everyone's sight.

In the dim light and the confusion of the security measures, a group

of civilians and military men were seen accompanying two shackled men to

the steps of the airplane; three members wearing civilian clothes went up

to the plane with them. Within minutes, the US plane took off from the

runway and flew out of sight. The state of siege at the airport also

ended, and with it ended one of the biggest secret operations the US

intelligence organization, the CIA, has implemented in years.

However, the following weeks revealed that what happened at Renas

airport was the first battle, not the last, of a silent and violent war of

chase waged by units from the CIA commandos against the most dangerous

symbols of Islamic terrorism and extremism in the world. The operation of

blowing up the two US embassies in Nairobi and Dar es-Salaam on 7 August,

and all that happened after it and is still happening now, came to confirm

that the war continues everywhere and with the use of all means.

The two people who were taken away by the US airforce plane to Cairo

were among the most dangerous symbols of extremism, not only Egyptian

extremism, but in the whole world. The investigation that was conducted by

the CIA agents with them in the offices of the Albanian intelligence in

Tirana the whole week--they were arrested on 21 June--confirmed that they

belong not only to the Egyptian al-Jihad Organization, but to Bin-Ladin's

international terrorism network, in addition to their being wanted by

Egyptian justice. The 35-year old Ahmad Ibrahim al-Najjar is one of those

who carried out the assassination operation of al-Sadat in 1981. He was

sentenced to death for his role in the Khan al-Khalili operation.

Abu-Mahmud was arrested on 21 June on the road between Aliyasan [as

transliterated] in central Albania and the capital where he worked as an

accountant in an Islamic charity society and resided on a forged Egyptian

passport under the name of Muhammad Fudah. The Albanian intelligence,

which cooperates with the CIA, did not find any difficulty in revealing

al-Najjar's real mission in Albania where he is the chief of the Egyptian

al-Jihad branch there. It seems that al-Najjar's arrest took place months

after they tracked, watched, and monitored him, especially after the US

spying satellites recorded a series of telephone calls between him and

other Egyptian jihad groups in Milan, Italy.

As for the other person arrested, Majid Mustafa, he was arrested on

the same day in Tirana. He is an employee in the same charity society and

a kalashnikov machine gun was found in his office, as were official seals

and stamps for forging passports, identity cards, and visas.

Despite the fact that the detainees belong to the Egyptian al-Jihad

Group, it seems that the real reason the CIA became involved in their chase

and arrest was because they were considered among the ranking members in

the Bin-Laden network. There were suspicions that they supervised and are

supervising the transformation of Albania into the biggest base for Islamic

extremism in Europe and the biggest center of operations in the world after

Afghanistan.

Perhaps the most telling piece of evidence regarding how dangerous and

important these men were, in particular al-Najjar, is the speed with which

Bin-Ladin sent an envoy from the Egyptian al-Jihad group. He reached

Albania two weeks after the arrest carrying a huge sum of money with

instructions to personally supervise the transfer of al-Najjar's wife and

his three children to Afghanistan.

Information Al-Watan al-'Arabi acquired confirmed that the arrests did

not stop at al-Najjar and Majid. Albania has been witnessing since

mid-June the biggest tracking and arrest operation of its kind with firm

cooperation between Shabak and the CIA. But because of the secrecy

enshrouding the operation, and even its illegitimacy for the American side,

the campaign continued to take place under great secrecy. This campaign was

so secret even the Islamic extremists in Albania continued to ask

questions about the disappearance of their friends, until the number of the

disappearing people from different nationalities went up and the whole

matter was exposed.

It is worth mentioning that the details of this operation, which was

headed by the CIA in total secrecy, did not reach the Islamic sides until

the end of July. It was noticed that the Islamic information monitor,

despite its strong relations with and information about the extremists in

general, was unable to find out what had happened to al-Najjar until 2

August when the leaders of the fundamentalist networks in London got the

order to demonstrate outside the Albanian Embassy. On 6 August, Western

security sides specialized in combating terrorism were taken by surprise

with a threatening statement issued by Bin-Ladin in which he said that he

will respond to the Americans in the language the Americans know very well:

terrorism.

At the time when these agencies, which were not informed about the

secrets behind the CIA activities in Albania, were trying to analyze

Bin-Ladin's threats, they received news about the two blasts that destroyed

the US Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es-Salaam.

On the same day and before US President Bill Clinton officially

declared his country's determination to avenge the 258 victims killed in

Kenya and Tanzania by saying "We will find these terrorists wherever they

may be," CIA stations around the world were put on a state of extreme

preparedness to implement the scheme of tracking down the terrorist

organizations and their symbols everywhere. Those who noticed the series

of arrests that took place and their geographic distribution realized

quickly that the CIA plan was ready with all its details and elements and

through the complete coordination with the majority of the local

intelligence agencies. Hours after the Nairobi and Dar es-Salaam blasts,

Pakistani intelligence arrested at Karachi airport Muhammad Sadiq 'Awdah,

35 years old, and [name indistinct] al-'Awali.

On 16 September, German intelligence arrested in Friesling, Bavaria,

Mahmud Salim, the financial director and official responsible for buying

weapons for the Bin-Ladin network. And on 23 September, British

authorities stormed the hideouts of and arrested seven Islamic

fundamentalists in London, most notably Khalid al-Fawwaz who is considered

to be the official spokesman for Bin-Ladin, and the Egyptian 'Abd-al-Bari

'Abd-al-Majid, who is sentenced to death in his country. At the same time,

the NBI [not further identified] in Texas reported the arrest of

Bin-Ladin's private secretary, Wadi' al-Haj. After London, Italy started

its arrest campaign of a group the majority of whose members are Egyptians

belonging to the Bin-Ladin group.

All these arrests were not sheer coincidence. They were the fruit of

the biggest secret tracking operation of the extremist organizations,

launched by the CIA launched, which continues to this day, and in which

Albania played a limited role.

Why Albania and what is the role of the Egyptian extremists in the

Bin-Ladin network?

Information made available to Al-Watan al-'Arabi confirms that

European and Western intelligence interest in the phenomenon of Islamic

extremism in Albania proceeded on an equal level with the Islamic awareness

that gripped over three million Muslims after the collapse of the Communist

rule in that country. It seems that this phenomenon began drawing

attention when Sali Barisha took over power and adopted an open policy

toward the Arab and Islamic countries. He opened his country's doors wide

before the Arabs and Muslims, who began to enter Albania without visas and

whose residence in the country was facilitated. Ever since 1992, Barisha's

policy worried some countries, particularly Washington, who discovered that

the Albanian president is applying a dual policy by getting close to both

the United States and Iran at the same time. This is what enabled the

extremist Islamic groups to implement their policy of infiltrating this

European country with a poor Muslim majority. These groups found the

opportunity appropriate for entering Albania, benefiting from the Muslim

charity groups operating in the country to help the poor Albanian Muslims,

whether to build mosques, or spread Islamic schools, or offer humanitarian

aid. Since 1993, some European security organs that have been tracking

down the Islamic networks in Europe, found out that some extremist groups

began to use Albania as their headquarters, in particular the Egyptian and

Sudanese groups, which controlled the mosques through Sudanese and Egyptian

imams and preachers. At that time, an Egyptian businessman of Albanian

origin raised suspicions by donating 100,000 copies of the holy Koran

containing in the introduction a call to jihad.

With the eruption of war in Bosnia and the emergence of the Bosnian

Arabs, along the lines of the Afghan Arabs, the Albanian headquarters'

importance increased in its ability to provide logistics, and even

financial support. Ever since that time, particularly since 1996, Albania

began to acquire a reputation for being a center for smuggling weapons to

the Islamic networks in Europe, as well as a center for trade companies and

Islamic charity organizations that are used as fronts for funding these

cells. Among them are the companies that belong to Bin-Ladin and societies

belonging to Arab countries that have been "infiltrated" by the Bin-Ladin

group.

The storming and arrest operations, which were being implemented by

many European countries within the framework of their campaign to track

down the extremists and their networks that are linked to the Afghans of

Bosnia, only increased the suspicions and indications about Albania's

growing role. Information Al-Watan al-'Arabi has acquired says that the

first to reveal the details about the extremist Islamic centers in Albania

was Italy as a result of the operation the network carried out in many

Italian cities toward the end of 1996.

The most important two points revealed by that issue were:

First, that the mujahidin had moved from Bosnia to Albania and taken

advantage of the confusion that reigned in the country and the facilities

Barisha was offering to transform Albania into a springboard for the

terrorist networks, not only in Europe, but the whole world.

And second, that the leadership of the extremist networks in Albania

is in the hands of the Egyptian extremists. They have had strong relations

with the Afghan Arabs of all nationalities ever since the establishment of

Afghanistan, and were transformed later on to become the masterminds and

managers of these groups.

The Italian security agencies' information reports that Egyptian

extremists from the Islamic Group and al-Jihad Organization are now

supervising all the activities of the extremist groups in Albania. These

include training operations in the camps, weapons-smuggling operations, and

operations to recruit the Muslim Albanians, particularly since some of

these Egyptians occupied sensitive positions in the charity organizations

and the companies, i.e. the fronts that control the funding process.

It seems that the CIA began to pay special attention to the Albanian

headquarters with the eruption of the Kosovo crisis and the establishment

of the Kosovo Liberation Army. CIA agents, who were based in Bosnia and

some Balkan countries to protect the US forces, discovered that groups of

Bosnian mujahidin went to Kosovo to take part in the jihad against the

Serbian forces. These were joined by about 150 fighters from Albania.

At the beginning, the US intelligence was interested in learning about

the Iranian role in supporting the Kosovo mujahidin along the lines of what

happened in Bosnia. The Americans based their approach on the history of

the distinguished relations between Iran and Albania, which started in

1993, and which allowed Tehran to smuggle weapons and military equipment

through Albania. But the US intelligence were taken by surprise with

respect to the relations between the active Islamic extremists in Albania

and the Bin-Ladin network. They were so surprised that one of the security

reports considered Albania a base for the "base organization" that is

supervised and financed by Bin-Ladin, while noting the control the Egyptian

and Sudanese extremists have over these networks.

Information Al-Watan al-'Arabi received confirmed that the US

intelligence previously tried to confront the operation of basing the

Islamic extremists in Tirana. In 1994, it tried to step up pressure on

President Barisha to expel them and close down their centers. But the

American requests fell on the deaf ears of the Albanian authorities at that

time. In fact, the chief of the Albanian intelligence, Gazi Dada Bashkim,

categorically refused to respond to the US lists. He had to pay the price

later because he fled to Turkey and then settled in an Arab country.

Barisha himself also had to pay the price. When Fatos Nano came to power

in 1998, the first thing he did was issue orders to his new intelligence

chief, Fatos Kalusi, to respond to the US demands. He thus opened the door

to the CIA to have one of its biggest stations in Europe and be able to

fight the biggest base of Islamic extremism.

Information Al-Watan al-'Arabi has acquired from Albanian intelligence

sources reveals that al-Najjar and Majid provided during one week of

extensive interrogation, in which advanced technology was used, some very

important confessions that led to escalating and intensifying the

track-down operations in Albania and outside. On 14 July, the Albanian

intelligence arrested another symbol of extremism in Tirana, the Egyptian

Muhammad Hasan. Hasan is considered a big fish in the Albanian network and

one of the original founders of this network since his arrival in Albania

in 1992 as an employee of the Islamic Charity Society. He settled in the

country and married an Albanian woman whom he met in a mosque in Alexander

Bey square in Tirana, the meeting place of the fundamentalists. Hasan

later became a director of a society for reviving Islamic heritage, which

is funded by a Kuwaiti relief society many Western security agencies

believe has strong ties with Bin-Ladin.

Al-Watan al-'Arabi has learned that Albanian intelligence stormed

Hasan's office when he was there, seized the computer belonging to the

society, and handed it over to the US intelligence. US intelligence has

begun to analyze all the information in it with the objective of revealing

new details about the network, how it is funded, the role of the charity

organizations and some of the Islamic banks in them, like the

Albanian-Islamic Arab Bank, which some security agencies believe handles

all the bank transfers to the extremists.

Western security sources confirm that the process of arresting

Muhammad Hasan was succeeded by a fourth "disappearance" of an Egyptian

extremist. Some other Islamists from other nationalities also disappeared

before a state of panic gripped the circles of the extremists in Albania

and they just went underground and disappeared from sight. Since August,

after its role was revealed, the US intelligence took up public action to

track down the suspects. This is what led to the death of Salah Muhammad

al-Sa'id in Tirana a few days ago, where he was also working in one of the

relief organizations after he participated in the Bosnia war. He was also

a member of the Egyptian jihad group.

The al-Sa'id assassination process shows that the war to track down

the extremists continues. But European security sources indicate some

expected difficulties with respect to US and Albanian intelligence. From

the official perspective, the Shabak intelligence figures indicate that the

number of Arabs in Albania does not exceed 218 citizens, most of whom are

Egyptians and Sudanese working under the cover of the humanitarian

institutions or married to Albanian women. But this figure is for those

who are officially registered only. Unofficial information reports about a

few hundred, or even a few thousand Arabs and Muslims who are not

registered. In addition the Albanian security did not begin the process of

investigating and monitoring the activities of the Islamic societies until

about four months ago.

However, the more dangerous aspect of all of this is the state of

chaos and demonstrations that spread in Albania in March 1997, leading to

the disappearance of over 700,000 guns, 3,600 tons of explosives, and 3.5

million bombs from the army's warehouses. These are weapons that are of

great interest to the terrorists.

In addition, there is ambiguity with respect to the situation in

Kosovo and its effects on Albania, which maintains this country's

importance in sheltering the extremists and their bases. Perhaps the

biggest piece of evidence that the decisive battle between the US

intelligence and the Albanian Bin-Ladin network has not ended yet is the

fact that the CIA agents continue to fortify themselves very well from a

huge revenge operation, which the extremists are preparing for, against the

US Embassy in Tirana. The US Embassy closed down on 14 August and took all

its employees and Americans out of Albania, leaving behind only 200 marines

to protect the ambassador and the CIA agents.

[Description of source: Pro-Saudi news magazine]

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Article Id: drsov10291998001208

Document Id: 0f1neth03x2qot

Insert Date: 10/30/98

Purge Date: 11/12/99

Publish Date: 10/29/98

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 140

Title: Russia: 'Tablo' Section From 20 Oct 98 Zavtra

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-98-302

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia,The Americas,East Europe

Document Date: 29 Oct 1998

Division: Russia,North America,Balkan States

Subdivision: Russia,United States,Kosovo

Sourceline: 99R44020A Moscow Zavtra in Russian 20 Oct 98 No 42 p 1

AFS Number: 99R44020A

Citysource: Moscow Zavtra

Language: Russian

Article Type: CSO

Subslug: Den Security Service intelligence reports

--Western embassies, according to information from diplomatic

circles, are attaching fundamental significance to the vote in the

Federation Council, when 79 members of the upper chamber

representing the regions of Russia voted for a resolution on the

early retirement of Yeltsin from the office of president. The

subsequent direct appeal to the President of 22 members of the

Federation Council is seen as the signal for the start of a campaign

for the total isolation of Yeltsin and his "family." It is the

general opinion that Zyuganov has sharply strengthened his political

positions, which is being helped also by his veiled maneuvers in

regard to a "possible alliance with Luzhkov." These steps of the

leader of the CPRF together with the obvious weakening of Yeltsin

have completed altered the entire structure of interactions in the

power institutions of Russia. It is noted here that Zyuganov has

gained freedom of political maneuver and may on the one hand step up

in planned fashion the campaign for the removal of President Yeltsin

and the adoption of the pertinent decisions by the legal legislative

bodies and, on the other, replace in the very near future the "pro-

Yeltsin Stroyev" in the position of chairman of the Federation

Council, which would drastically weaken the positions of the

"democrats"....

--Milosevic's acceptance of the categorical demands of the

United States (the commitment of foreign military observers, the

withdrawal of all police and other armed forces of Yugoslavia from

Kosovo, and unrestricted flights by NATO aircraft) is tantamount to

a renunciation of sovereignty over Kosovo and consent to the further

dismemberment of Yugoslavia. According to information obtained from

Strasbourg, Milosevic's resistance was broken with the help of

Ivanov, minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation

(formerly Gorbachev's special representative in Spain), who executed

Primakov's directive of "maximum assistance to the United States and

the NATO members in Yugoslavia." This line of the Russian Government

was dictated by the decision of the US House of Representatives to

allocate additional funds (approximately $18 billion) for the IMF

with a fixed share for the Russian Government. The Primakov

government thereby confirmed its readiness to follow the "course of

the IMF" that had been pursued earlier by the Gaydar-Chernomyrdin-

Kiriyenko cabinets and that is designed to "increase Russia's

dependence on the United States"....

--In the past 10 days the US federal reserve system twice

lowered the prime rate, which caused an appreciable rise in the

value of shares in the United States itself and on Asian markets.

This decision was prompted by the approach of a "domestic stock

market collapse." The crisis and the wave of bankruptcies within the

United States were to have led here to the victory of the

Republicans and to Clinton's inevitable impeachment....

According to information from the Kremlin, at the end of last

week presidential Chief of Staff Yumashev held a secret meeting with

a number of the most influential chief editors of the democratic

news media. It was pointed out in the course of this meeting that

Yeltsin is becoming completely unmanageable and is increasingly

succumbing to "fits," in the course of which he is "capable of the

most appalling actions." The question of the need for the "soft

preparation" of public opinion for the "handover of all authority to

Primakov and the confinement of Yeltsin in a health center" with

periodic TV appearances was raised in the light of this. The media

figures were asked to observe the strictest secrecy, particularly

with regard to the "actions of the family." This information is

interpreted by our experts either as a purposive provocation for

establishing Berezovskiy's influence on Primakov or as a

demonstrative action with the actual "evolutionary riddance of the

president from the political process"....

--According to the information of a source from among

Yeltsin's service personnel, the President's physical condition has

stabilized at a very low level of operability. At the same time he

continues to take an active interest (at moments of lucidity) in

politics and to interfere in the official decisionmaking process.

Specifically, he ordered Primakov to "leave Rosvooruzheniye alone,"

keeping this entity within the framework of the influence of the

"family" and Berezovskiy. Simultaneously Yeltsin was disturbed by

the "union of Luzhkov and Zyuganov" reducing to nothing all actions

against the State Duma and geared to his peaceful relinquishment of

his presidential powers. As a result, "Tsar Boris" directed the

security services "to begin prompting" Seleznev's speeches against

Luzhkov and his promotion of his own candidacy (as a counterweight

to Zyuganov) at the future presidential elections....

--A situation analysis was conducted 17-18 October in

Washington under the sponsorship of a subdivision of the CIA, which

considered the consequences of the implementation in Russia of the

"constitutional assembly" formula. It was acknowledged as a result

of the analysis that this is the optimum path for the reshaping of

the virtually unitary Russian state into a loosely linked

confederation. The breakup of Russia into 89 semi-independent states

will be a reality as soon as the opposition secures the reform of

the constitution without elections and with the promotion of the

Constitutional Assembly as the supreme institution of power "capable

of accepting any matter for consideration and a decision." The

planned 800 participants (both chambers and representatives of the

regions, all religions, the executive authorities, and public

organizations) are to work for no fewer than three weeks in order

that individual components "walk out" and complete "their own

constitutional formalization." In this case, the conference

established, "the final solution of the 'Russian question' will be

realized by the Russian political elite." In the course of the

discussion it was noted repeatedly that such an initiative, which

was conceived in the Bonner-Sakharov group, would lead to a

strategic result with the commitment of foreign military contingents

for control over Russia's nuclear facilities....

--Seleznev's letter to the US Congress requesting an

"acceleration of the decision on the allocation of funds for the

IMF" that was sent to Washington recently was seen in the US

intelligence community as the "decisive step in the reorientation of

the speaker of the State Duma of the Russian Federation toward

support for the seven-year Chubays-Gaydar policy of reforms with

their reliance on an intensification of Russia's debt dependence on

the West." The possibilities of active financial support for

Seleznev in his "presidential campaign" are being assessed anew in

this connection....

[Zavtra: Influential leftist-nationalist weekly.]

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Article Id: drnes10271998000175

Document Id: 0f1jwcc01j855a

Insert Date: 10/28/98

Purge Date: 11/10/99

Publish Date: 10/27/98

Publish Region: Near East & South Asia

Lines: 77

Title: Saudi Arabia: London-based Paper on CIA-Bin-Ladin Activities in Albania

Document Number: FBIS-NES-98-300

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Near East/South Asia, East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 27 Oct 1998

Division: Arabian Peninsula, South Asia, Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Albania, United States

Sourceline: JN2710083298 London Al-Quds Al-'Arabi in Arabic 26 Oct 98 p 1

AFS Number: JN2710083298

Citysource: London Al-Quds Al-'Arabi

Language: Arabic

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by Al-Quds Al-'Arabi bureau in Tirana, Albania

Informed sources in Tirana have affirmed that Albanian police have

killed an Egyptian fundamentalist, suspected of collaborating with Saudi

Opposition Leader Usamah Bin-Ladin, following an armed clash in a

residential suburb of the capital Tirana.

However, an Albanian Interior Ministry spokesman said that the

Egyptian fundamentalist Salah Muhammad al-Sayyid, 29, was found dead in the

bathtub of the villa where he lived with his Albanian wife in a Tirana

suburb Saturday.

The spokesman said that the investigations revealed that al-Sayyid

"committed suicide in a moment of psychological crisis" after an unknown

person called the police to the villa. The police came under fire when they

arrived and one police officer was wounded in the exchange of fire.

A source, who asked to remain anonymous, said that al-Sayyid was an

active member of the Egyptian al-Jihad Organization and was under

surveillance by the American CIA.

Last July, four Islamists were arrested in Albania and handed over to

Egypt as part of an operation, which the Tirana press said was carried out

in cooperation with the CIA.

The source said that al-Sayyid was sent to complete the work of the

detained fundamentalists whose arrest uncovered their exploitation of the

unstable situation in Muslim Albania as a secure refuge.

However, the Tirana press mentioned that al-Sayyid was a member of the

Bin-Ladin group and he was suspected of connection with the abortive

attempt to blow up the American Embassy in Tirana.

The United States temporarily closed its embassy in Albania following

the August explosions, attributing that to threats by fundamentalists. The

embassy is still closed and traffic has been diverted away from it. The

sources said that Albanian police went to arrest al-Sayyid following

information they received from the CIA about a network of Bin-Ladin

supporters in Albania. The police have recently launched a major campaign

of arrests in the Arab community in Albania following the explosions at the

US Embassies in Africa to preempt other attacks.

Sources close to Islamic societies in Tirana said that the Arab

Afghans had established in Albania their largest center of operations

outside Afghanistan in the past two years. They provide passports to

leaders and senior cadres to move freely in Europe and help wanted elements

to leave Middle Eastern countries and Pakistan to Europe. They added: The

fundamentalists have used the Islamic societies as a cover for their

activities, collecting donations from Gulf states on the pretext of helping

the Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo.

Fundamentalist sources denied any knowledge of a connection between

the dead Egyptian and Usamah Bin-Ladin's group. They believe that the

Albanian police, backed by the American intelligence, are using the embassy

explosions in Africa to liquidate members of fundamentalist organizations

wanted by certain Arab states to avoid the complexities of arrests and

extradition, which often lead to reprisals.

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Article Id: drweu10191998000128

Document Id: 0f158c700owvv5

Insert Date: 10/20/98

Purge Date: 11/02/99

Publish Date: 10/19/98

Publish Region: West Europe

Lines: 120

Title: Turkey: Link Seen Between Kurds, Oil in US Approach

Document Number: FBIS-WEU-98-292

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: West Europe, Near East/South Asia

Document Date: 19 Oct 1998

Division: West Europe, Near East

Subdivision: Turkey, Syria, Iraq

Sourceline: NC1910070998 Istanbul Milliyet (Internet version) in Turkish 17 Oct 98

AFS Number: NC1910070998

Citysource: Istanbul Milliyet (Internet version)

Language: Turkish

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: From the column "Today" by Guneri Civaoglu: "The Two Ends"

Wednesday is the critical day on which "Syria's answer will be

received."

Foreign Minister Ismail Cem said that "our posture with regard to

Syria remains serious."

In other words, there is no relaxation in tensions. By abandoning its

policy of the last 16 years, by acting to do what it has not done for 16

years, Ankara is actually expressing its sentiment that the knife has hit

the bone.

The truth is that there is no meat buffer left. The state in northern

Iraq will be a center of attraction for all the Kurdish groups in the

region. The Lego pieces may turn into a unitary structure.

I would also like to draw attention to some more interesting and

larger-scale games on this issue. It will be seen [at the end of the

article] that the current situation has nothing to do with Turkey's blood

boiling.

A Memory [subhead]

I do not remember whether I wrote this in this column or in Sabah

where I wrote earlier. Let me briefly recount after so many years.

The air operations of the Gulf War were still continuing. The land

war had still not begun. I was reporting my impressions from the Dhahran

Air Base in Saudi Arabia. Allied aircraft were taking off from this base

to keep Iraq under hellish bombardment.

In one room in a hotel that US forces were using as their headquarters

in Saudi Arabia, I listened to the remarks of an American officer who spoke

very good Turkish. He ran his palm over northern Iraq on a map of the

Middle East and said:

"After the land operation is over, Iraq will have no control over this

area. A Kurdish state will be established. They will take possession of

the arms left by Saddam. They will be strong. They will also make

territorial claims on you. You will either give them what they want or you

will fight them."

He may not have said these verbatim, but this was the gist of the

message. I was shocked by what I heard.

Now the arranged hand shaking in Washington between the two Kurdish

leaders of northern Iraq, Barzani and Talabani, without Turkey's presence,

have brought back memories of this conversation.

Maps of a Kurdish state published on the Internet by northern Iraqi

Kurds already encompass Turkey's southeast.

Smell of Oil [subhead]

One comment that may explain the US winds better is:

"On October 28, it will be disclosed that the pipeline for the

transportation of Azeri oil will be the Baku-Ceyhan route."

This route must be secure. In past years whenever this project became

serious and was reported in the press, the PKK [Kurdistan Workers Party]

staged operations around its possible route.

This is not a coincidence. On the other hand, it would not be

reasonable to think that a terrorist organization can plan and organize

sabotage acts which may convey such big messages. A serious command

structure can be sensed behind it. For example, the Syrian General Staff.

Because US oil interests mandate that the oil pipeline passing through

this region be secure, the United States has taken a posture against the

PKK and has supported Turkey indirectly. In fact, it often gives some

covert encouragement.

What we see in southeast Anatolia and northern Iraq is the PKK's

wagging tail. Its head is in Syria. This may the reason Turkey has

unveiled its stick against Syria.

Moreover, the establishment of unity in northern Iraq will form a

force that will prevent the PKK from extending into northern Iraq.

This theory may be criticized on various grounds. However, that

theory is being blown this way from Washington, and the seeds of a Kurdish

state are being sown.

Other Theory [subhead]

In 1992 Turkey was excluded from the Paris conference on the

reorganization of northern Iraq. Behind the guise of "local elections" a

virtually independent state was established in that region. A state with

its capital in Erbil. A state with an assembly, a government, and a

president. The next step was recognition by the UN. Indeed, the

prerequisite of recognition by the UN is to become part of a federal state.

Applications by Kosovo and Vojvodina for UN membership were turned down in

1996 on the grounds that they were "not federated states."

However, Talabani and Barzani began to quarrel over revenues earned

from the Habur border crossing point. They began to fight. Between 1992

and 1995 Turkey effectively closed off northern Iraq to foreigners. In

August 1996, Turkey supported--by secret diplomacy--Saddam's operation

against Talabani in cooperation with Barzani. The CIA Director openly

criticized Turkey for this reason.

Thus it became necessary to include Turkey in the Dublin process on

the reorganization of northern Iraq. This time Turkey blocked the

unification of northern Iraq from inside. Indeed our armed forces backed

the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1996.

Now, with the new US policy, this covert war is being replaced by

overt differences. The United States is reorganizing northern Iraq in

Washington on a platform where Turkey is not present. In response, by

threatening to hurt Syria, Turkey is sending to the United States the

message that "it is present" in the region.

There: two different interpretations.

[Description of source: Centrist, Mass Appeal Daily; One of Country's

Top Circulation Papers

Root URL: http://www.milliyet.com.tr/]

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Article Id: dreeu10011998000934

Document Id: 0f07smi00106j8

Insert Date: 10/02/98

Purge Date: 10/15/99

Publish Date: 10/01/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 75

Title: Serbia: Seselj Accuses West of 'Orchestrating' Crimes in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-274

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 1 Oct 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Serbia

Sourceline: AU0110160698 Belgrade BETA in Serbo-Croatian 1416 GMT 1 Oct 98

AFS Number: AU0110160698

Citysource: Belgrade BETA

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Belgrade, 1 October (BETA) -- Today, Vojislav Seselj, leader of the

Serbian Radical Party [SRS] and Deputy Prime Minister of the Serbian

Government, accused the United States, Great Britain, and France of openly

pursuing a hostile policy against the Serb people, noting that their goal

is to have Serbia and the FRY bombed.

Seselj said at a news conference in Belgrade that the crime in the

village of Gornja Obrinja in Kosovo "was orchestrated in the West by those

same countries in order to create legal grounds for the UN Security Council

to authorize the bombing of Serbia."

"The Radicals appeal to the governments of Russia and China not to

allow one such resolution to be passed in the UN Security Council, and if

they turn a deaf ear to the fate of the Serb people, the same evil may

happen to them tomorrow as well," Seselj said.

"All propaganda services and agencies for waging propaganda war of the

Western powers have joined forces in an orchestrated campaign against

Serbia, the Serb people, and the FRY," Seselj said.

"What we saw yesterday in Kosovo, in the village of Gornje Obrinje, is

identical to the promulgation of false reports on the events at the Markale

market place, Vase Miskina Street, and the Partisan Cemetery in Sarajevo,

when Alija Izetbegovic had his own civilians killed in order to impute

those killings to the Serbs," Seselj said.

According to his assessment, the same was done by "the Siptar

[derogatory term for Albanians] terrorists, because they were militarily

defeated by the police and the army, who used the most perfidious and

corrupt means, sacrificed their own people, and called up foreign diplomats

and correspondents at 0400 [0200 GMT] in the morning to represent the

crimes as actions done by the Serbian police."

To the remark by a foreign correspondent that he had seen massacred

bodies in Gornja Obrinja, and that they had not been set up by Western

intelligence experts, Seselj replied:

"The bodies were not set up by Western experts, but the crime was.

The bodies were real, and I believe you, but you may as well recall a

similar experience involving the Markale market place, when Izetbegovic's

government, in collaboration with the CIA, organized the killing of a great

number of civilians."

"Why did the crime in Kosovo occur precisely when we announced that

our police had vanquished the terrorists, when we announced that we had

started to withdraw the police forces, and when some units had already

departed from Kosovo?" Seselj wondered, adding that the reason was that

"the Western powers no longer had any arguments against Serbia and the FRY,

so they needed to invent something else to cause indignation among Western

public opinion."

Seselj also said that "the essence of the fabricated crime was to

convince the citizens in the West that the Serbs are savage and that they

deserve to be bombed."

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Article Id: dreeu09181998001068

Document Id: 0ezn3r001prrrt

Insert Date: 09/21/98

Purge Date: 10/04/99

Publish Date: 09/18/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 89

Title: Serbia: Daily Reports CIA Competition for Teachers of Serbian

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-261

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 18 Sep 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Serbia, United States

Sourceline: AU1809151998 Belgrade Blic in Serbo-Croatian 17 Sep 98 p 13

AFS Number: AU1809151998

Citysource: Belgrade Blic

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by M.Ivanovic: "CIA Looking for Teachers of Serbian"

Belgrade -- The assurances of US officials that their administration

is steering clear of interference in FRY internal affairs are now

questionable. The US secret service CIA posted on the Internet under

"urgent" an open competition for an unlimited number of teachers whose

native language is Serbian.

Among other requirements, it is desirable that candidates and future

lecturers of CIA agents be graduates of the School of Philology or the

School of Pedagogy and that they have experience teaching adults.

In the announcement, the employer pointed out that all interested

persons must be US citizens and undergo a rigorous investigation. Among

other things, applicants would have to undergo an excessively thorough

medical checkup and answer questions for a commission while hooked up to a

lie detector!

Those who pass through the fine selection filter are offered by the

CIA a salary of between $125 to $175 a day, depending on their experience,

professional qualifications, and recommendations. The wages are paid every

two weeks. In addition, employees receive special allowances, such as a

special benefit for working overtime, for teaching over the weekend, and

for working night shifts. They are also offered loans and other

privileges.

All travel costs, as well as costs of moving the family members of the

newly acquired teachers of the Serbian language, as much as 18,000 pounds

[as published], are paid by the CIA.

It is pointed out in particular that teachers who would like to spend

a "vacation" abroad (what is probably meant is the panoramas of Kosovo,

Sandzak, and other parts of Serbia) with their students are given a leave

of 45 days (it would normally be 30 days) while those who are giving

"special training in the field" are given three months of annual leave.

Those who are not discouraged by the strict criteria should send their

applications, as it is put, under a secret code, to "DA/OTE Rep-Dep I" to

the CIA branch in Arlington, Virginia. CIA promises to reply to all

candidates within 45 days.

It is impossible to inquire about other details and the opinion of the

selection commission over the telephone, because the CIA uses the most

up-to-date computer system which, it is said in the competition

announcement, is capable of investigating all data from the supplied

biography, capabilities, and other information about the candidate.The

candidate is supposed to state in the application his job experience,

whether the "linguist" is ready to travel abroad, what pay he expects, and

other important data. A candidate must state in what countries he has

traveled or about which countries he possesses considerable knowledge.

Tourist trips "are not relevant."

Our goal is to be a support for America, which is the best country in

the world. We shall achieve this by performing our job with good quality

work and because we have the best people, it is said at the end of the

competition announcement.

[Box, p 13]

Life Separated from the World [subhead]

It says in the announcement that the teaching of Serbo-Croatian would

be carried out at the main CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia, on the

bank of the Potomac River, about 10 km from Washington. All employees will

be given special passes for bus travel, and the life in the center is in

the form of a closed camp with beautiful spaces for amusement and work.

"As the center is completely cut off from the world, there is no noise or

other stressful factors," relevant CIA officials say.

The Agency has adopted a special dress code. The food is excellent,

and there is a restaurant on the seventh floor of the main building. There

are gyms, jogging tracks, shops, clubs, dry cleaners, and cinemas.

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Article Id: fbtot09011998000511

Document Id: 0eynx5x01tpmy8

Insert Date: 09/02/98

Purge Date: 09/15/99

Publish Date: 09/01/98

Publish Region: Undetermined

Lines: 60

Title: Bulgaria: US, Russian Intelligence Activities in Sofia Viewed

Document Number: FBIS-TOT-98-244

Document Type: FBIS

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 1 Sep 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Bulgaria

Sourceline: AU0109111798 Sofia Pari in Bulgarian 1 Sep 98 p 4

AFS Number: AU0109111798

Citysource: Sofia Pari

Language: Bulgarian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Pari staff article: "Sofia -- the Hot Zone"

Spies from various countries are waging a quiet war on our territory.

This is indicated by counterintelligence information and leaked press

reports.

Secret reports show that the strongest rivalry on our territory is

between the two superpowers, the United States and Russia.

Why do the foreign intelligence services prefer to locate their

residencies in Sofia? It is not so much because of the tolerance shown by

our services as due to country's geostrategic position.

After 1990 the CIA relocated its intelligence center for the Balkans

in Sofia. Prior to this, the center was located in Frankfurt.

At the same time, repairs were carried out at the US Embassy on

Suborna Street. According to information from an observation post that our

secret services set up, 60 metric tons of special equipment were taken into

the building. This made it necessary to reinforce the walls of the

building with metal braces, the 168 Chasa weekly reported recently,

referring to a secret report.

One of the three technical centers for US intelligence in Bulgaria is

located in the Sofia embassy. According to the newspaper, this center

controls the US residencies in Kosovo, Albania, and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

The Russian Embassy in Sofia contains a technical section to which

only a few staff members have access. It is located in the basement of the

building.

The Russians give priority to keeping watch on the US and German

Embassies. The Americans for their part are interested in the Russians. A

building belonging to a Bulgarian-American nongovernmental organization is

located near Moscow's embassy.

According to Bulgarian counterintelligence, the superpowers are

competing for total monitoring of information, paying particular attention

to commercial secrets and economic strategies.

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Article Id: dreeu08181998000476

Document Id: 0exy9re03fesc8

Insert Date: 08/19/98

Purge Date: 09/01/99

Publish Date: 08/18/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 84

Title: Albania: NATO Official Cited on Aims of Maneuvers in Albania

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-230

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 18 Aug 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Albania

Sourceline: BR1808110398 Paris Liberation in French 18 Aug 98 p 7

AFS Number: BR1808110398

Citysource: Paris Liberation

Language: French

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by Jean-Dominique Merchet: "Cautious NATO Maneuvers in

Albania --- 14 Countries Are Taking Part in This Gentle Warning to

the Serbs About Kosovo"

Tirana -- For the first time NATO is organizing large-scale maneuvers

in Albania, while no doubt taking care not to become involved in the crisis

surrounding Kosovo. No troops will be deployed within at least 150 km of

the border with Serbia. The exercise, dubbed "Cooperative Assembly 98,"

which was launched yesterday [17 August] and will continue until 22 August

in the Tirana region, is intended to "develop a joint appreciation of

operations conducted to shore up peace" and to "practice interoperability

between the military forces of the participating countries."

Clear Message [subhead]

According to Admiral Joseph Lopez, who is in charge of these NATO

maneuvers, "this exercise is not specifically aimed at Kosovo or Belgrade.

However, I hope it will send out a clear message for all the warring

factions. NATO is ready to mount peacekeeping operations and also prepared

for any other option. The exercise currently under way is essential for

the stability of the region. Being on hand is essential if war is to be

prevented." So there is no question of an explicit demonstration of force

designed to put pressure on Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic or of

preparing for a potential deployment in Kosovo or on the border between the

two countries. Russia, which is hostile to a scenario involving military

intervention by NATO in Kosovo, has symbolically detached around 30

infantrymen to take part in the maneuvers with their Western comrades.

Nonetheless, the presence of nearly 1,500 NATO troops in Tirana and of

combat aircraft in the skies over Albania should not go unnoticed by

Belgrade. In mid-September, a military exercise will be staged in the

neighboring republic of Macedonia.

Americans Thin on the Ground [subhead]

In all, 14 countries are taking part in "Cooperative Assembly" within

the framework of the Partnership for Peace, an arrangement linking NATO

with neutral and formerly Socialist countries. The United States were

supposed to be thick on the ground, but as it turns out there are barely

150 of them. The official line is that the marines were called away

elsewhere following the events in Congo. In reality, Albania is now

considered a high-risk country by the State Department, which decided on

Friday [14 August] to reduce its diplomatic representation there to a

minimum and advised US nationals to leave the country for fear of possible

attacks. The previous day [Thursday, 13 August], a militant Egyptian

Islamist named Ahmed Ismail Ossman had been arrested by the Albanian

police, probably aided by the CIA. This man, who stands accused of

terrorism, has been condemned to death in his own country. So there is no

question of leaving any GI's hanging around in the area.

The Italians, who constitute the largest contingent, totaling 500 men,

had to replace the Americans at a moment's notice. Albania is a country

they know well and which was even annexed by Rome under Mussolini. In 1997

the Italian Army was the main force in the "Alba" peacekeeping operation

implemented after domestic unrest triggered off by the collapse of the

banking system. Like last year, the French are also on hand, using 150

sappers, from the 2nd regiment of engineers, to renovate a school in Kruje,

northern Tirana. These construction specialists should not cause

Milosevic's troops too much of a headache.

[Description of source: Paris Liberation in French -- left-of-center

daily newspaper]

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Article Id: dreeu08171998000719

Document Id: 0exwe8u003h6x5

Insert Date: 08/18/98

Purge Date: 08/31/99

Publish Date: 08/17/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 62

Title: Albania: NATO Exercise Begins in Albania Despite Bin Ladin Cell

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-229

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 17 Aug 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Albania

Sourceline: LD1708134998 Belgrade Tanjug in English 1203 GMT 17 Aug 98

AFS Number: LD1708134998

Citysource: Belgrade Tanjug

Language: English

Article Type: BFN

TIRANA, Aug 17 (Tanjug) -- NATO began war games in Albania on Monday

[17 August], at a time when the American nationals in this country are busy

packing their bags and leaving at their Administration's recommendation

because of a threat of Islamic terrorist attacks.

The joint NATO-Partnership for Peace exercise involves land, naval and

air forces of the United States and 13 other countries.

The games, codenamed Cooperative Assembly 1998, are designed to

develop a common understanding of peace support operations, doctrine and

training, according to ranking NATO officers.

News agencies note, however, that the main purpose is for NATO to flex

its muscle, though not in the face of Albania, which allows terrorists in

its north to smuggle arms daily into neighbouring Kosovo-Metohija in the

Yugoslav republic of Serbia.

The exercise is being held precisely in areas where western media

report the existence of Albanian terrorist bases from which the terrorists

smuggle arms into neighbouring Macedonia and Kosovo- Metohija.

Naval Captain Steve Burnette, spokesman for the exercise, said on

Monday that the five-day games were directed at regional stability, as were

all Partnership for Peace exercises.

News agencies say, however, that the games are being held in unstable

Albania, where the notorious Islamic terrorist, Osama bin Ladin, suspected

in recent Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam bombings, founded his cell on Monday.

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in cooperation with the

Albanian police, has so far arrested at least five Egyptians belonging to

this terrorist cell.

The NATO exercise involves about 1,700 troops and 78 aircraft.

According to the latest reports, there are also 250 U.S.troops,

although there had originally been planned more. However, a part of the

U.S. force has had to be diverted to Tirana to protect the U.S. Embassy

there.

There are 890 U.S. nationals in Albania, who are busily getting ready

to leave.

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Article Id: dreeu08081998000356

Document Id: 0exjge00247o02

Insert Date: 08/11/98

Purge Date: 08/24/99

Publish Date: 08/08/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 168

Title: Serbia: Foreign Intelligence Said Active in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-220

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 8 Aug 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Serbia

Sourceline: AU0408115698 Belgrade Politika in Serbo-Croatian 1 Aug 98 p 17

AFS Number: AU0408115698

Citysource: Belgrade Politika

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Darko Knezevic: "Well-Established Mechanism of

Instigating Low-intensity Conflicts"

In the last several months, ever since the beginning of the crisis in

Kosovo and Metohija, the police and Yugoslav Army border patrols have

stopped numerous transports of smuggled arms and equipment as well as

terrorists, and the authorities have also arrested a number of foreign

nationals who claimed they were members of humanitarian organizations.

Such things are not new to military analysts in the Balkans. On the

contrary, this is a well-established mechanism of instigating so-called

low-intensity conflicts, which is a form of special warfare.

"What we have here is a scenario that has a lot in common with

something that we have already seen in the former Bosnia-Herzegovina,"

military analyst Dragan Dzamic said. Dzamic has recently written a book

called Bosansko bojiste sumraka" [Bosnian Twilight Battlefield] (published

by IKP "Nikola Pasic"). Politika also published parts of this book, which

has created considerable interest locally and abroad.

"Terrorism is a very perfidious and specific form of aggression and it

was present, albeit not in this form, in the civil war in

Bosnia-Herzegovina. Terrorist activities in Kosovo and Metohija as a form

of political-repressive activity are one of the most dangerous forms of

activity in the world," Dzamic said.

He says that Bosnia was a very important link in the chain of the

so-called Islamic terrorist international, which is organized in such a way

that it has its branches not only in the Middle East, but also in Europe

and the United States.

Neighbors as "Ferryboats" [subhead]

During the civil war Bosnia became a haven for members of the most

extreme terrorist organizations such as Hamas, Hizballah, the Algerian GIA

[Armed Islamic Group]...

"Unlike Kosovo, Bosnia was crisscrossed by several parallel terrorist

channels. They used one branch for infiltrating through Turkey and Italy,

while the other branch of these terrorists that came from Algeria, Egypt,

Saudi Arabia, went through France. They entered Bosnia from Slovenia and

Croatia, and also through the port of Ploce and then along the Neretva

River valley. These channels were also used by the Mujahidin, who in

addition to the terrorists, as part of the Bosnian leadership's government

strategy, gave the bloodiest dimension to the war," Dzamic said.

When we compare the current problems in Kosovo and Metohija we can

clearly see a parallel in that there is always a neighboring country that

supports the crisis.

"In the Bosnian war it was Croatia, which was a kind of ferryboat for

transporting arms and terrorists, and now that country is Albania, and it

has the same role," Dzamic said.

"These crisis areas show that the activities have been planned in

advance and financed from an outside center that conducts so-called

crisis-management," Dzamic said.

In the present situation there are two branches for supplying of arms

and terrorists. The major route leads from the port of Bari, to Durres,

Tirana, Tropoje, and Bajram Curri, to the Yugoslav border, while the lesser

branch goes through the western parts of Macedonia.

Double Standards [subhead]

The application of double standards, or poor moral principles, also

shows a common facet of low-intensity conflicts that was conducted in

Bosnia, and now here in Kosovo and Metohija.

During the Bosnian war -- the United States, Germany, Britain, Turkey,

and other countries advocated strict adherence to the arms ban to the

states of the former SFRY [Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia],

based on a UN Security Council resolution.

"In contrast to their publicly proclaimed views, these countries

conducted secret operations and delivered arms and military equipment and

by doing so applied double standards," Dzamic said, recalling also the

night flights of the "Hercules" airplanes, which were headed for the

airports in Tuzla and Visoko, as well as the arming of the special units

that were present in Bosnia even before the official arrival of the IFOR

[Implementation Force]. Large quantities of arms and military equipment

had been delivered through the port of Ploce by ships that sailed under the

flags of countries whose soldiers were stationed as peacekeepers in the

Bosnian entities, such as Ukraine. NATO troops, who conducted a blockade

of the Adriatic Sea, did not control these ships, which mostly carried

Russian weapons from the former East Germany, and also from Lebanon.

"Now a similar thing is happening in Kosovo and Metohija, primarily

because of last year's raids of Albanian army depots and because of the

Contact Group's recent bans. No one condemns Albania for shipping in arms,

and from today's perspective we can see that the rebellion and the seizure

of large quantities of arms was not accidental," Dzamic said.

In order to successfully manage a crisis area it is also necessary to

have logistic support in the form of stable funding of terrorist

operations.

Funds for Terrorists [subhead]

During the Bosnian war there was an agency in Vienna called the

"Agency for Aid to the Third World," designated as a nongovernmental

humanitarian organization, headed by Al-Fatah Hassanayn, a former Sudanese

diplomat and a former student of medicine in Belgrade. Bypassing the

embargo, this organization proclaimed itself as the main supplier of the

Sarajevo government with money collected by Muslims throughout the world.

"The Austrian secret police and the CIA were informed about this

activity, but they remained discretely quiet because there was big money at

stake. Now there is a recurrence of the situation with the secret accounts

that the so-called OVK [Kosovo Liberation Army -- UCK in Albanian] has in

Germany, France, and Denmark. Now the Shqiptars [Albanians], having

learned a lesson from the Bosnian experience, have organized themselves

quite well and are coordinating this fund-raising network. It is quite

impossible for things like this not to be noticed by the national security

services," Dzamic said, illustrating this with the more than lenient

attitude of the German intelligence service, BND, toward the activity of

the Albanian terrorists in that country.

Dzamic said that it was impossible that the intelligence services of

the different countries, the BND, CIA, DIA, and also the services in

Belgium and Switzerland, officially did not know that there were training

camps on their territories that prepared terrorists for their activities in

Kosovo and Metohija. This greatly discredits the work of these services.

"There are statement made by arrested terrorists, testimonies and

written affidavits, that they were organized and trained in Germany by

members of the secret and special services, and that is probably the same

case in all the other countries where terrorists were trained," Dzamic

said.

"Hunting Dogs" [subhead]

The intelligence agents and special forces, such as the "green berets"

and the SAS in Bosnia, were the "hunting dogs" that paved the way for

military intervention, and their presence in a given region indicated the

possibility of a major political or military involvement of the country

from which they were sent to "sniff around."

The recent cases of the arrest of Sally Becker, a British citizen, as

well as the wiretapping of the Serbian police by representatives of the

International Committee of the Red Cross, points to the "activities" of

various humanitarian organizations, among which there are certainly those

that have come to a certain area with honorable intentions.

There was a similar case three years ago in Bosnia when

"humanitarians" smuggled ammunition for the Fifth Army in Bihac, and when

members of the Foreign Legion guarded convoys of medical supplies. Foreign

newspapers also wrote about these cases. In April of 1996 the Guardian

wrote that the British regularly used humanitarian aid vehicles to disguise

their intelligence activities.

"The recent capture of a local activist of the committee for the

protection of human rights, who was in fact a member of the OVK, shows to

what extent humanitarian activities are being abused," Dragan Dzamic said.

[Box, p 17] The Mighty Triad and Negative Stereotypes [subhead]

In order to prepare certain activities in selected countries, it is

necessary to create so-called negative stereotypes, in other words, to

proclaim the governments of those countries as belligerent and criminal.

By using "negative stereotypes" it is possible to create support in the

international media for an eventual military intervention.

In the United States, according to Dragan Dzamic, this work is done by

the so-called mighty triad -- the State Department, the Pentagon, and

powerful media companies like CNN and the Washington Post.

"In every one of these three components there are teams that work

together with the joint aim of implementing current state interests,"

Dzamic said.

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Article Id: dreeu08071998001680

Document Id: 0exhrfb01clcl1

Insert Date: 08/10/98

Purge Date: 08/23/99

Publish Date: 08/07/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 120

Title: Serbia: Daily Claims Foreign Intelligence Officers Within UCK

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-219

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 7 Aug 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Serbia

Sourceline: AU0708144298 Belgrade Politika Ekspres in Serbo-Croatian 3 Aug 98 p 2

AFS Number: AU0708144298

Citysource: Belgrade Politika Ekspres

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by Momcilo Kovacevic: "CIA and BND Bone of Contention

Among Terrorists"

The Islamic-terrorist organization calling itself the Kosovo

Liberation Army [OVK -- UCK in Albanian] is a conglomerate of nuclei mostly

consisting of Albanians and some NATO member-countries' intelligence

agents. However, their national interests in the Balkans outweigh their

covert alliance and their support for terrorists in Kosovo, which is also

why the so-called OVK has never grown into a single organization.

Furthermore, it is highly unlikely that it will ever become that, because

the CIA and the German Federal Intelligence Service, BND, are unable to

agree which one will have primacy over the terrorist bands.

According to reliable sources, the terrorist nuclei have been

reinforced by supporters of the Kosovo separatists from Albania and

Macedonia, Mujahidin from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Arab countries, and

foreign mercenaries. They operate in selected parts of Kosovo and Metohija

and are currently based in the Municipalities of Decani, Djakovica,

Malisevo, Klina, Orahovac, Prizren and Srbica.

They Imitate "SS" [subhead]

Each terrorist nucleus is responsible for the "defense" of the zone it

controls. The job is done by armed bands wearing different uniforms,

depending on what their specific assignments are. For instance, the

so-called OVK terrorist units wear black uniforms. Their numbers vary,

from 200 in Malisevo, 350 in Junik, and so on. They refer to themselves as

the OVK police, allegedly enforcing law and order.

Terrorist blackshirts check identification papers, make arrests,

search and rob people, collect "racket money" from more affluent Albanians,

abduct women to satisfy the sexual needs of combat unit members, and commit

murders and every other kind of crime.

In addition to the terrorist "elite," which is very reminiscent of the

Third Reich's notorious SS units, there are the so-called OVK intervention

groups. They consist of Albanian fanatics, volunteers and "returnees" from

Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, as well as Albanians from Macedonia and

Albania and the Mujahidin. They wear camouflage uniforms and are constantly

moving from place to place, that is, they close in upon a location where an

attack is to be carried out on a Yugoslav army or police unit, or some

facility, like the Stari Trg or Belacevac mines. The terrorist

intervention force numbers some 2,000 men.

The majority of the 10,000-to-12,000-strong terrorist formations are

Albanians who were, to a degree, mobilized by force by being told that they

had to defend their villages.

They Shoot Comrades-in-Arms [subhead]

Armed attacks against army and police units are most often carried out

by blackshirts and their allies wearing patterned caps. As soon as the

fire is returned, they run back to villages, where the "defenders" take

them in. In most cases, they pull back to the village center under the

pretext of coordinating the defense, but, in actual fact, they use the time

to organize their escape, loot houses, and take along everything that can

be carried.

The blame for recent heavy losses, averaging 20 to 30 men per day, has

been put on Siptars [derogatory term for Albanians] who had been forcefully

mobilized and their incapability. Because of that, a large number have

been shot dead. In the village of Lapusnik alone, 21 Albanians were

executed by firing squad.

The terrorists are particularly alarmed about the infiltration of Serb

spies in their ranks, primarily former JNA [Yugoslav People's Army]

officers whom the KOS [Counter Intelligence Service] has trained well and

is now effectively using to break up the terrorist organization. Since

many of them hold leading positions, the mutual accusations of treason

border on fantasy. Such an exchange of accusations among the leaders of the

villages of Streoc and Istinic recently ended in the use of fire arms and

the killing of five terrorists.

Many are seeking a way out from this situation by fleeing to Albania

where Richard Holbrooke's partners in the Junik talks have already found

refuge. The runaways include Naim Maloku, self-styled minister of defense

of the "Kosovo Republic," who disappeared the minute he became aware that

the noose around Junik was beginning to tighten (or maybe he received the

information from the KOS, which had sent him to prepare another siege and

the destruction of one more terrorist nucleus).

The Prominent Are the First To Run [subhead]

A particularly big disillusionment for the majority of Albanians in

Kosmet [Kosovo and Metohija] was the self-appointed spokesman of the

so-called OVK, Jakup Krasniqi, whose fiery statements had, in the

beginning, stirred the imaginations of many Siptars. Reports have leaked

out that Krasniqi had taken his children to a safe place abroad, so that,

instead of being receptive to his messages on the need for continuing the

violence, those who these messages are intended for are calling him a

traitor.

In spite of the state of disorganization and chaos among the

terrorists, one should not think that they will be beaten quickly and

easily. There are still some 2,000 blackshirts and patterned caps moving

back and forth in Kosmet, waiting for a chance to commit some evil deed.

They would certainly fall much faster if Albania were to stop its

aggression against the FRY. What all this comes down to in the end is that

there are between 5,000 and 7,000 terrorists based in Albania ready for

incursion into Kosovo and Metohija. The terrorists and their helpers are

quite clear that the police and the army will continue neutralizing them

until total destruction. That is the reason for the increasingly frequent

appeals to their Western sponsors to the effect that, without NATO

intervention, a defeat, which they should have expected anyway, will be

inevitable.

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Article Id: dreeu07191998000388

Document Id: 0ewg8bq02n8z86

Insert Date: 07/21/98

Purge Date: 08/03/99

Publish Date: 07/19/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 131

Title: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Commentary Assails CIA, Pentagon Support for 'Terrorists'

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-200

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 19 Jul 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: AU1907160398 Belgrade Radio Beograd Network in Serbo-Croatian 1300 GMT 19 Jul 98

AFS Number: AU1907160398

Citysource: Belgrade Radio Beograd Network

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Milika Sundic -- recorded

Ultimately, it had to happen. The Pentagon has admitted to

misconceptions about the reasons for the crisis in Kosovo and Metohija, and

the CIA has admitted that it had known for some time that Albanian

terrorists in Kosmet [Kosovo and Metohija] were procuring weapons from

neighboring Albania and West European countries. Finally, since the United

States [words indistinct] Atlantic treaty, NATO Secretary General Javier

Solana has said that NATO had never planned a military action in Kosovo and

Metohija. Less than a month ago, this type of [word indistinct] turnabout

in US policy could not be expected. Today, all this has to be taken with

great reserve because you never know when someone in the West will [words

indistinct]. However, this does not in any way mean that we do not attach

great significance to these favorable [words indistinct] particularly if

one knows that US officials condemned the abduction of civilians by

Albanian terrorists in Kosmet, and that they expressed sharp disagreement

with the attempt to constitute the so-called parliament of the phantom

republic of Kosovo and Metohija.

This is the first step towards the United States finally admitting

that terrorism, pure and simple, is at work in Kosovo and Metohija, rather

than rebels seeking justice for the Albanian national minority. Of course,

the question immediately arises as to what crucially influenced the United

States to adjust, at least a little, its views to the position which the

Serbs [words indistinct] and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [FRY] President

Slobodan Milosevic have always held, specifically, that the situation had

nothing to do with the violation of human rights and liberties, but rather

with attacks on the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Serbia

and the FRY. First of all, and above all, Serbia's arguments pertaining to

the real reasons for the escalation of Shiptar [derogatory Serbian term for

Kosovo Albanian] secessionism and terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija are far

more convincing than the fabrications about Serbia's alleged violation of

human rights and liberties in Kosovo and Metohija, and its responsibility

for the situation in its southern province.

Second, the West has understood that Serbia will never, under no

circumstances, reconcile itself to the secession of Kosovo and its

annexation to Greater Albania, or with giving Kosovo the status of the

third federal unit in the FRY. Finally, the joint Moscow statement by

Presidents Milosevic and Boris Yeltsin could not be discredited because of

Russia's decisive 'No' to a NATO military intervention in Kosovo and

Metohija. Russia moreover warned the West that this sort of action could

ignite all of the Balkans and southern Europe.

Of course, all this was accompanied by Serbia's peace initiatives to

resolve all controversial issues in Kosovo and Metohija through peaceful

means. However, the mentors of the Albanian secessionists and terrorists

in Kosovo were able to come to the same conclusion that Serbia was aware of

from the very start. Namely, the West's overall treatment of Serbia and

the FRY has fed terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija, starting with the

introduction of economic sanctions for Serbia to threats of a military

intervention [words indistinct]. The explanation by various officials that

the Moscow declaration and the maneuvers in FYROM's [Former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia] and Albania's air space have played an equally

important role in influencing the behavior of Serbia and the FRY are

unacceptable and inaccurate. On the contrary, the NATO maneuvers in FYROM's

and Albania's air space meant [words indistinct] Slobodan Milosevic's visit

to the Russian Federation. In other words, these actions, fatal for Serbia

and all the citizens in Kosovo and Metohija, only stoked the hopes of the

Shiptar secessionists and terrorists.

During their recent visit to Kosmet, the US and Russian envoys came to

a joint conclusion that there is no trustworthy collocutor among the

leaders of the Kosmet Albanians, that is, that Ibrahim Rugova either does

not want to or cannot control terrorism in the province. In any case, the

very attempt to constitute the so-called Shiptar parliament is a deed to be

ascribed to Ibrahim Rugova and his supporters. The fact that Rugova never

condemned the terrorism practiced by his fellow countrymen and that he

himself favors the secession of Kosovo from Serbia only confirms this.

At the latest session of the so-called Contact Group in Bonn, one of

the adopted conclusions reads as follows: [words indistinct] from supplying

Shiptar terrorists with weapons as everyone knows that the countries in

question are leading West European countries headed by Germany. No one can

dissuade Serbia and FRY that terrorists in Kosmet did not have and still do

not have the greatest support in Western intelligence services, that is, in

the intelligence services of precisely the countries which have threatened,

and are still threatening Serbia and the FRY the most. In any case, we

need to ask why this truth has been kept from the Western public for so

long, and why has the Western press been manipulated to publish lies about

Serbia and its policy? If the CIA and the Pentagon were aware that the

Shiptar terrorists were being supplied with weapons from Albania and the

West, we need to ask why they failed to say so until now? Or more

precisely, how does one explain that Albania demands [words indistinct]

economic, political, and military sanctions? This calls into question

Western claims that the Albanian Government is not in control of the

northern part of the country, because if the Albanian Army can be a partner

in military maneuvers to the strong and powerful United States, then it can

hopefully also prevent terrorist groups from infiltrating the FRY and

Serbia from its territory

Serbia's readiness to resume the dialogue with the political leaders

of the Kosmet Albanians was never called into question, but only within the

Serbian constitution. This means the suspension of all terrorist actions

and an unreserved condemnation of terrorism. Shiptar terrorists cannot be

Serbia's collocutors, and any attempt to win this status for them would

mean the violation of the basic principles of world peace. Terrorism in

Kosovo must be both supressed and destroyed; all countries in the world

follow this course of action wherever terrorism [word indistinct]. Surely

Shiptar terrorists are not better than terrorists in Corsica, the Basque

Provinces, or in Northern Ireland?

Serbia's readiness to cooperate with the world on equal terms is

confirmed by the visit of the numerous OSCE delegation to the FRY, that is,

Serbia. However, [words indistinct] the OSCE must accept the FRY back into

its ranks, rather than appear in the role of mediator or controller,

because neither the FRY nor Serbia will ever accept this. Therefore,

cooperation with the OSCE must be a two-way street and not a dead-end

alley, which is what certain leading countries are trying to impose on us.

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Article Id: dreeu07161998000596

Document Id: 0ew8z3502c7mjp

Insert Date: 07/17/98

Purge Date: 07/30/99

Publish Date: 07/16/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 98

Title: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Tanjug Reports 'Marathon' CIA, Pentagon Briefing on Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-197

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 16 Jul 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: LD1607123098 Belgrade Tanjug in English 1119 GMT 16 Jul 98

AFS Number: LD1607123098

Citysource: Belgrade Tanjug

Language: English

Article Type: BFN

New York, July 16 (Tanjug) -- The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

and the Pentagon know that weapons for the terrorists in Serbia's province

of Kosovo and Metohija (Kosmet) come from Albania, but also from western

Europe, and that the militant separatists also receive substantial

financial aid from abroad.

The U.S. officials have these and other data, which they confirmed in

the course of a long press conference held late Wednesday [15 July] at the

Pentagon.

The so-called Kosovo Liberation Army (a terrorist organization) may

not have the most modern military equipment at present, but it has

machine-guns, a certain quantity of mortars, and much weaponry of smaller

calibre obtained from different sources, U.S. officials said, specifying

that the arms were being smuggled in primarily from Albania and western

European countries.

The CIA and Pentagon officials asked not to be named, which was

probably aimed at giving the entire briefing an air of conspiracy.

The group of officials, addressed by numbers instead of names, mostly

spoke about this terrorist organization which seems to be in the focus of

Washington's interest.

It seems that neither the Pentagon, the CIA, nor the defense ministry

have all the data that they would like to have. They still do not know the

command structure of the terrorists, referred to by the U.S. officials as

alleged rebels.

The CIA and the Pentagon do not know who is the key figure of this

terrorist organization, either. This is why the U.S. side still does not

know who to talk to and how to bring these alleged rebels to the

negotiating table, it was heard at the conference.

The officials also showed they did not know much about foreign

mercenaries in Kosmet, not even the ones mentioned by Greek Defense

Minister Akis Tsochadzopoulos during a recent visit to Washington, who said

that mercenaries had come from as far as Tajikistan.

Asked by reporters about the sources from which the terrorists

obtained funds, an official said they had intelligence that large sums were

coming from abroad, from Albanian emigrants in Europe and North America,

but cautiously added that this was difficult to confirm.

Asked about the training of the terrorists and whether there were any

U.S. citizens among the instructors, the officials gave a vague answer,

merely saying they were Albanian emigrants returned to Kosmet from

different parts of the world, including Europe and North America.

Reporters then went back to weaponry, asking about recent U.S. press

reports that the Kosmet separatists also had arms of big calibre, and even

anti-tank missiles. The Pentagon, however, said the terrorists were trying

to secure such arms, but had allegedly not succeeded.

The so-called Kosovo Liberation Army has the most modern

communications equipment, said a reporter, pointing out that he had

knowledge that voices speaking the German that is spoken is Switzerland are

often heard on these instruments.

A CIA official replied that they had no information about that.

It was evident that no knowledge and lack of information were very

symptomatic whenever some more sensitive question was asked. In the end, it

turned out that reporters did not get much data or information to help them

better to understand the situation in Kosmet.

Reports on developments in Kosmet in U.S. papers, particularly in

pro-government media, are mostly one-sided and largely unobjective.

Reporters were interested to hear that there was less and less

consideration of a NATO intervention in Kosmet because of the evident

restraint of the legal organs of authority, and the increasingly

complicated situation, where separatists were becoming ever more

aggressive.

The thing that might provoke such considerations is a situation where

there would be a great wave of refugees or cases of massive violence, U.S.

officials said, disregarding the fact that the militant separatists might

take such stands as advice for future actions, as they have done time and

time again, and again launch lies about alleged ethnic cleansing.

At the end of the marathon briefing, the unidentified Pentagon and CIA

officials reiterated the official stand that the United States does not

support the independence of Kosmet and that a solution must be found within

autonomy.

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Article Id: dreeu06181998001407

Document Id: 0euyo26017mlhh

Insert Date: 06/22/98

Purge Date: 07/05/99

Publish Date: 06/18/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 61

Title: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Seselj Says CIA, NATO Behind Kosovo Situation

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-169

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 18 Jun 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo

Sourceline: LD1806192198 Belgrade Tanjug in English 1828 GMT 18 Jun 98

AFS Number: LD1806192198

Citysource: Belgrade Tanjug

Language: English

Article Type: BFN

BELGRADE, June 18 (Tanjug) -- Serbian Radical Party (SRS) President

Vojislav Seselj said Thursday that a meeting between Presidents Slobodan

Milosevic of Yugoslavia and Boris Yeltsin of Russia came at the right

moment and confirmed the validity of Yugoslavia's stand on the crisis in

its republic of Serbia's Kosovo-Metohija province.

Yugoslavia's stands have been confirmed that any interference in the

internal affairs of Serbia and Yugoslavia is impermissible and also that

any outside military intervention and jeopardizing of its sovereignty and

territorial integrity is out of the question, Seselj told a news

conference.

The Serbian and Yugoslav governments will keep insisting on dialogue

with Kosovo-Metohija's ethnic Albanian representatives, Seselj said.

"We are seeking a peaceful and democratic solution to the crisis in

Kosovo-Metohija," he said.

Seselj stressed that there could be no talks with terrorists, adding

that terrorism did not have the legitimacy anywhere in the world, and it

could not become legal in this country, either, regardless of the fact that

Western countries were clearly behind terrorist action in Kosovo-Metohija,

that were namely organized by the CIA.

He said that foreign intelligence services find their allies in some

traitorous parties in Serbia and also in some media that have been tipped

the wink to wage a campaign so as to create psychological effects that

would serve NATO's interests.

The task of the Yugoslav Army is to protect the borders. In border

clashes, the army is mostly using professionals, while recruits are not

sent to crisis spots even after their basic training course, Seselj said.

Referring to activities of ethnic Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova,

Seselj said that Rugova was obviously going for new orders by NATO. He also

said there were three parties to the same conspiracy -- NATO and its

puppets, ethnic Albanian political parties and ethnic Albanian terrorist

organizations.

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Article Id: drsov06051998000903

Document Id: 0eu8wph026ce1k

Insert Date: 06/08/98

Purge Date: 06/21/99

Publish Date: 06/05/98

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 257

Title: Belarus: Expert on U.S., West's Destabilization Plan

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-98-156

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia, The Americas

Document Date: 5 Jun 1998

Division: Western Region, North America

Subdivision: Belarus, United States

Sourceline: WS0506143398 Minsk Narodnaya Hazeta in Russian 26 May 98 pp 1-2

AFS Number: WS0506143398

Citysource: Minsk Narodnaya Hazeta

Language: Russian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Interview with political expert Nikalay Syarheyew by Yuryy

Dudzinaw; place and date not given: "Is Military Intervention in

Belarus Possible?" -- first paragraph is Narodnaya Hazeta

introduction

Political expert Nikalay Syarheyew is well known in Belarus due to his

patriotic stance. He is also known as an advocate of Slav unity. We

decided to seek his advice in light if a number of recent events, including

the opposition's statement on the early legislative election in Belarus.

The Belarusian president and the leadership of the National Assembly

immediately rejected this statement as groundless. Nonetheless....

Whatever one may say the fact is obvious: an attempt was made to

destabilize the situation. What is the current sociopolitical situation in

the Republic and what would be the consequences of that step had it been

made? We started our conversation with Nikalay Syarheyew namely form this

question..

[Syarheyew] To properly assess the situation in the Republic we must

first try to realize what is going on in the world..

I do believe that the real authors and planners of the recent

unrealized "sensation" stay beyond Belarus's borders..

Do you want proof? Here you are. Fifty years ago the United States

set the objective to achieve domination in the world. This presumption may

be supported by the well-known PL 86-90 law on dismembering the USSR, the

"U.S. National Security Doctrine," the CIA directive for 1984-1998, and

other documents. According to the latter document any form of

reunification of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine is inadmissible. These

states may not be allowed to set up any political union, not to mention a

single state..

Many strategic concepts of the United States have been materialized in

the form of specific instructions..

[Dudzinaw] Could cite at least some of them?

[Syarheyew] Take, for instance, the U.S. Army Field Service Manual FM

100-20 or the instructions for the combat use of the U.S. Air Force AFP

3-20 issued on 5 December 1990. Those documents provide detailed guidance

for coordinating and executing operations in low intensity conflicts (LIC).

I wish to draw your attention to the fact that this document has been in

force for eight years now. The document states that the principal means of

achieving strategic dominance over other states are namely low intensity

conflicts, and not wide-scale combat operations. One may say that the

Americans are virtuoso class specialists in this field. Yugoslavia may

serve as an example of successful application of the LIC strategy. As a

result, a great, and -- I wish to emphasize -- flourishing Slav state fell

apart into fragments and disappeared from the map of Europe. The newly

established "dwarfs" are totally dependent on the U.S. and West European

military machine and economy..

Attempts are currently being made to use the same script in the Union

Republic of Yugoslavia and to divide it into Serbia, Montenegro, and

Kosovo. The media and the so-called human rights organizations are

assigned an important role in LIC..

[Dudzinaw] Some kinds of education centers and financial funds have

been set up beyond the borders of our Republic to train and support the

Belarusian opposition. What does this mean?

[Syarheyew] I wish to remind Narodnaya Hazeta readers that all kinds

of opposition centers have opened in Brussels (which hosts NATO's European

headquarters), Germany's Dortmund, Poland's Bialystok, Prague (from which

Radio Liberty, a division of the CIA, broadcasts) and New York, where an

information center of the Belarusian "Charter-97" is located. In addition,

a branch of the Belarusian Popular Front Council has opened in Lithuania..

A developed and well-organized anti-union, antipresidential, and

pro-Western network has been created within the years of Belarus's

independence. It includes political parties, public organizations, culture

centers and think tanks, "associations," and humanitarian funds. Around 20

think tanks operate in Belarus and pursue the West's interests. Seventeen

organizations comprise the Think Tank Association..

The East-West Scientific Research Institute, the Institute of

Socioeconomic and Political Research led by Aleh Manayew, former head of

the Soros Foundation Belarus Branch, the Euro-Atlantic Association, and

many other organizations have a pro-Western orientation..

[Dudzinaw] However, the Soros Foundation has suspended operations in

Belarus..

[Syarheyew] We may observe the process of mimicry. The foundation

has been replaced by the Open Society Institute financed by Soros.

[Syarheyew continues] We must admit that thus far the state

structures have been losing the information- psychological war waged

against White Russia. Neither the administration nor common people realize

what kinds of modern information and propaganda technologies are used

against our Republic to brainwash common people. A typical example of

these methods is a report carried by Radio Liberty, according to which

President Lukashenka is going to hold an early legislative election in the

fall. The report claimed that Alyaksandr Lukashenka had made the decision

under Russia's pressure..

[Dudzinaw] This is a lie, alright. Moreover, it is a provocation.

What could happen, though, if this even took place?

[Syarheyew] This would cause a great political scandal in the

Republic. The point is that this step runs counter to the Constitution in

force. This way or another the lawmakers would oppose the Security Council

and the Belarusian president. Lukashenka's supporters who voted for the new

Constitution would feel betrayed then. The president would be accused of

violating the very Constitution that he had proposed. Primarily the West

would do so. This means that the former Supreme Soviet would be proclaimed

the sole legitimate body of power in the Republic. This could be followed

by Lukashenka's impeachment under the conditions of a lack of support on

the part of his advocates..

Generally, the consequences would be catastrophic for our people..

[Dudzinaw] If these kinds of provocations continue, what priority

measures would you suggest?

[Syarheyew] Those kinds of insinuations must be immediately refuted..

There is another shocking detail. Not only the opposition media, but

also certain senior officials continue to speculate on early elections.

One of those officials, speaking from the parliamentary rostrum expressed

this idea at the end of last year..

[Dudzinaw] With the help of the press opposition forces are trying to

hammer into people's heads that early elections are inevitable..

[Syarheyew] They are. However, no matter for how long they may

holler about the illegitimate nature of the Constitution and the National

Assembly a majority of our citizens supported the Fundamental Law, and

House of Representatives members were elected by the people. Meanwhile,

namely the 1994 constitution was passed by legislators alone. They did not

even bother to ask the Belarusians to express their opinions. In addition,

they acted in disregard of the results of the March 1991 referendum..

[Dudzinaw] What are the sources of such a great hatred toward the new

edition of the Constitution?

[Syarheyew] One of the reasons is that the Constitution instituted

Belarusian-Russian bilingualism on the state level..

The main reason, however, is that the Constitution provides effective

mechanisms for constructive work to develop economy, politics, the law, and

the state as a whole..

[Dudzinaw] Will the opposition ever rest or will it continue to

attack the authorities?

[Syarheyew] A delegation comprised by H. Karpenka, S. Sharetski, Yu.

Khadyka, and two more persons visited London very recently. They were

directly told there that under no pretext should they expel House of

Representatives members from the former Supreme Soviet. Moreover, a

cooperation agreement was signed with the leftovers of the former Supreme

Soviet. This is a very illustrative fact when viewed in the context of

what I said earlier..

[Dudzinaw] Why was this done?

[Syarheyew] The explanation is simple. If attempts to scare some

House of Representatives members or to win their support succeed, [the

former Supreme Soviet] may have a quorum to impeach the president. Any

fabricated violations of human rights have nothing to do with this. The

main objective is to come to power at any cost..

According to westerners who often visit Kazakhstan, an openly

totalitarian regime has been established in that state. One of the

American officials said that a "khanate has been established." However, no

words of protest are heard from the West. The United States simply turn a

blind eye on human rights violation in the Baltic states. Even the march

by former members of the Nazi SS units did not meet with adequate reaction

on the part of many Western "human rights defenders."

[Dudzinaw] Double standards applied by the West European leaders and

their overseas bosses are widely known. The same approach may be now

observed in Yugoslavia.

[Syarheyew] Of course. You see, the Albanians who are part of the

Yugoslav nation, allegedly have the right to secede from the Union Republic

of Yugoslavia. Meanwhile, the Republic of Serb Krajina that de facto and

de jure until recently had existed on the territory of Croatia, was

liquidated by military force. Foreign champions of human rights did not

say a word then. The liquidation of an Orthodox Slav state served their

interests. Meanwhile, the Albanians' actions are in line with the U.S.

objective of dismembering the Union Republic of Yugoslavia. It is sheer

hypocrisy..

Belarus that pursues an independent policy does not suit the West.

The West's principal goal is to remove President Lukashenka from power.

Incidentally, no matter what Alyaksandr Lukashenka does to "please" the

West he will never suit the world's bosses and the their satellites, just

as Radovan Karadzic does not suit them, for he pursues a policy aimed at

meeting the interests of his people. Meanwhile, they would be perfectly

happy with Karpenka or Sharetski [in the post of Belarusian president]..

[Dudzinaw] Is a coup d'etat and military intervention in Belarus

possible?

[Syarheyew] To answer your question I will quote U.S. military

manuals..

"Low intensity conflict ranges from subversion to the use of armed

force." I think it is impossible to express the idea in a clearer way..

The document further states that "low intensity conflict is waged by a

combination of means, employing political, economic, informational, and

military instruments. U.S. policy recognizes that indirect, rather than

direct, applications of U.S> military power are the most appropriate ways

to achieve national goals." The U.S. manuals and guidelines assign the

principal role to provocation of dissatisfaction, instability, and violence

in society. The documents also assign a great role to the media which

should "spread panic, lack of confidence in the government, and provocative

rumors in society." Incidentally, the opposition papers in Belarus are

already doing this..

At the same time, we must keep in mind that military intervention is

not ruled out..

Special task forces exist to provoke LIC. They stage and carry out

subversive and counter-subversive actions..

Military intervention may take place under the disguise of fighting

terrorism or participating in peacekeeping operations. The forces involved

in special missions are widely known by the name of "green berets."

Let me mention an interesting fact: namely a group of "green berets"

stayed in Latvia for a long time in February. Their presence was disguised

as preparation for joint exercise with the reconnaissance units of the

so-called "Baltic peacekeeping battalion." The Latvian media openly

reported that the "green berets" practiced the methodology of staging and

executing low intensity conflicts and spoke perfect Russian..

[Dudzinaw] Are they not aimed on Belarus by any chance?

[Syarheyew] Since our border with the Baltic states is not yet

adequately protected there is great danger of the penetration of special

units to Belarus. According to certain military experts, it may not be

ruled out that the "green berets" may have been on a reconnaissance mission

in Belarusian territory..

[Dudzinaw] How realistic is the threat of foreign intervention in

Belarus?

[Syarheyew] According to the U.S. "Joint Command Plan" the United

States is launching the greatest reorganization (since WWII) of its system

of global military-political control. The CIS states are included in the

U.S. military's zone of responsibility. The U.S. Army has been set

specific tasks of maintaining order on the territory of the former Soviet

Union. Two out of nine military groupings of the United States will be

aimed on the CIS..

As of 1 October 1998, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova will be added to

the responsibility zone of troops deployed in West Europe. Incidentally,

Henadz Karpenka mentioned namely October 1998 as the date for holding early

elections. Our readers may draw their own conclusions on what coincides

with what. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense plan states

that "the responsibility zones of the U.S. troops may become theaters of

war." "Reconnaissance surveillance and tactic planning" is under way with

regard to these territories. An infrastructure is being prepared to

expeditious delivery and deployment of military contingents. We may not

slight these great preparations against Belarus..

Whether our oppositionists want it or not they are already part of the

U.S. global plan of destabilizing the situation in Belarus. [ Dudzinaw] Is

there any solution to this situation?

[Syarheyew] The Belarusian leadership must act persistently and in

strict adherence to the Constitution approved in the referendum. It must

step up its activities to develop the Belarusian-Russian Union and make it

more consolidated and effective, and to develop cooperation with Russia's

regions. Our troops and special organs must maintain a high degree of

combat readiness..

I am sure that neither Russian regions which are quite independent

from Moscow nor the State Duma will allow to introduce economic blockade of

Belarus. This cannot be done, no matter how often our president is

threatened with this scenario..

Our opponents want to scare or persuade Lukashenka, for they want him

to call an early election and "dig his own grave." I think the president

will not do so..

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Article Id: dreeu05111998000305

Document Id: 0esuj5x02vuphr

Insert Date: 05/12/98

Purge Date: 05/25/99

Publish Date: 05/11/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 129

Title: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Daily Reports Details of Army Units in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-131

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 11 May 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: AU1105093998 Belgrade Nasa Borba in Serbo-Croatian 4 May 98 p 4

AFS Number: AU1105093998

Citysource: Belgrade Nasa Borba

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by N. Todorovic on interview with Modern History

Institute representative Bojan Dimitrijevic; place and date not

given: "The Units Have Been Filled To the Maximum"

"Pristina Corps units cover the area of Kosovo and Metohija, and their

strength is respectable. The rumor that, for example, tanks had arrived

into this area from other parts of the country are unfounded," said Bojan

Dimitrijevic, a representative of the Modern History Institute. His field

is the analysis of the Army of Yugoslavia. Dimitrijevic told "Nasa Borba"

about the strength and use of the army and police in Kosovo and the

characteristics of the conflict.

He said that the Pristina corps was divided into a number of brigades:

one armored mechanized brigade is located in Pristina and another in

Urosevac. One motorized brigade is located in Kosovska Mitrovica and in

Pec, and another in Djakovica and Prizren. One of the two Army of

Yugoslavia interceptor aircraft regiments is located at Pristina airport,

and it consists of two MiG 21 squadrons. There is also a medium missile

regiment for antiaircraft defense, as well as radar stations.

The corps' units are positioned in two directions: one direction is

Leposavic, Kosovska Mitrovica, Vucitrn, Pristina, and Urosevac. The

garrisons in Pec, Djakovica, and Prizren, which form the other direction,

are literally set aside and limited by mountains, and bear the burden of

dealing with the forces coming from Albania. The area of Drenica, which is

where the conflicts began, lies in between, where there are no larger urban

centers, and where there never were any garrisons.

According to our collocutor's assessment, at the moment the army

leadership is not counting on the reserve formation, but if the situation

becomes more severe, the forces could be strengthened by units from the 3rd

Army of which the Pristina Corps forms a part. It was similar during

earlier unrest when, for example, in 1981 or 1989 assistance came from Nis

(parachutist, armored, and helicopter units). Counting the garrison in

Krusumlija, which is in the Pristina Corps' [word indistinct], the size of

the Corps can be assessed to about 10,000 soldiers.

Dimitrijevic assessed that the battalion on the border to Albania had

been filled by professionals, that is, by contract soldiers, but obviously

according to some rules and with people from the Nis Corps' special units;

with officer personnel, it seems. He said that one could easily conclude

that the Kosovo units were being filled with recruits, to the maximum

limit, which is otherwise reached by calling in the reserves into the

units. Dimitrijevic said that the state had assessed that in Kosovo the use

of professionals was the most efficient option. He added that the

existence and engagement of some professional forces was a real mystery.

It is known from earlier times that the public security had its special

units: brigades, units,.... However, according to him the state security

also had its formations, absolutely invisible to the public.

These formations are named after birds of prey and "even have an

airborne segment, and this can be noticed when helicopters painted in

camouflage colors fly over Belgrade, bearing non-standard markings"

(markings that are therefore not used by the army, police, or civilians).

Dimitrijevic confirmed that according to some information these units had

carried out the famous operation in Drenica.

Dimitrijevic explained the characteristics of the terrain and the

conflict in Kosovo to "Nasa Borba." He said that the Albanian border is

extremely difficult to control. For example, in the area of Pec it reaches

a height of about 1.5 kilometers (the highest mountain peak in this part of

Yugoslavia is in the vicinity of Decani. According to some data given to

us by our collocutor, even during the time of the Informburo an Albanian

unit under CIA command operated independently in the international area by

entering this territory).

The area itself has been restless throughout this century: in 1912 and

1913 "carkas," mini wars, were waged; between 1918 and 1923 the Kingdom of

Yugoslavia even used aviation here.... "The characteristic of the

conflicts in Kosovo is banditism," said Dimitrijevic and added that this

model confirmed in this century was still being used: the Albanians gather

together, shoot at police stations that maintain communications during the

night, and then run away when these call for assistance, and the cycle

repeats itself. According to him, the police forces currently bear the

main burden of fighting terrorism, while the army deals with border

security.

Dimitrijevic believes that the international community is a factor

that will have, it seems, a dominant influence on the future of the Kosovo

problem. He said that the experience so far shows that the United States

has an interest in the fragmentation of the Yugoslav area "although it

would probably be different if only the European powers were asked." On

the other hand he said that the local authorities were incapable of leading

a rational and modern policy and thus attempt to avoid the situation in

which the state is the target.

As opposed to Croatian forces that had "all the possible logistical"

support from the Western alliance in the Krajina offensive, Dimitrijevic

believes that the Army of Yugoslavia would find itself in a confrontation

with the alliance because of an eventual wider operation in Kosovo. The

Albanian forces cannot be compared with the Yugoslav forces, but he said

that Army of Yugoslavia technology was not really (?renewed) in the last

year and that the United States was waging war with high technology that is

even above "our perception capabilities."

[Box, p 4]

Secrets and Truths [subhead]

When talking about the "mysterious" units Bojan Dimitrijevic said that

every country had the right to have various formations but he pointed out

the danger of their being misused due to their unclear status (for example

perhaps during possible increased political tension in Belgrade, he said).

Here Dimitrijevic reminds us of the duality in the right to use armed

force, through the Yugoslav People's Army and the Territorial Defense,

which ended up in a war between the two.

It should also be stated that the publication of the information in

this article, although unknown to the wider public, is not an offense or

"leaking" of official secrets. Dimitrijevic says that the Army of

Yugoslavia regularly, according to the decrees of the Dayton agreement and

the Florence agreement, regularly informs the signatories of these

agreements of what it has at its disposal and its formation.

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Article Id: dreeu04101998000186

Document Id: 0erdtu3041wkpe

Insert Date: 04/13/98

Purge Date: 04/26/99

Publish Date: 04/10/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 71

Title: Serbia: Russian Daily Cited on Existence of CIA Network in Kosovo

Number: FBIS-EEU-98-100

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 10 Apr 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Serbia, United States

Sourceline: AU1004082398 Belgrade Politika Ekspres in Serbo-Croatian 9 Apr 98 p 9

AFS Number: AU1004082398

Citysource: Belgrade Politika Ekspres

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by Tomislav Kresovic, BINA: "Numerous US Agents in

'Humanitarian Missions'"

The Russian daily Ekspert recently reported that the CIA has been

active in Kosovo and Metohija since 1995 under the cover of "some

information center," observing that the number of US spies in the area of

Kosovo and Metohija suddenly began to increase rapidly a few months prior

to the Albanian separatists' mass demonstrations."

The assessment is based on an analysis of the Russian Federal Security

Service (former KGB). The CIA obviously has its own interests within the

Kosovo and Metohija-Macedonia-Albania triangle, which also coincide with

the NATO interests in this area. Some time ago, separatist newspapers in

Pristina wrote about some secret CIA plan aimed against the goals of the

separatist policy in Kosovo and Metohija, and, allegedly, the CIA had prior

knowledge of police actions near Drenica!

There is some truth in these contradictions. In Kosmet [Kosovo and

Metohija], the CIA is developing a crisis scenario of alternately

instigating and checking conflicts between Serbia and the separatist

nomenklatura and the terrorist organization of the so-called Kosovo

Liberation Army [OVK -- UCK in Albanian] -- thus, affirming the principle

of achieving its own interests in conflict situations. The State

Department and Pentagon's moves in the Balkans are primarily planned by the

CIA and its regional centers in Greece and Bulgaria, as well as its

intelligence officers in the field.

It is estimated that about 100 CIA agents are active in the

Kosmet-Macedonia-Albania triangle under cover of "humanitarian" missions

and various observer teams. The US Information Center in Pristina has

significantly influenced a more aggressive activity of the separatist

movement. According to Vice President Al Gore, USIS Centers will soon

become part of the network of State Department institutions. The main

sources of CIA information are the Kosovo Information Center in Pristina,

the Kosovo Soros Fund, the "Mother Theresa" humanitarian organization,

"Doctors of the World," the "Kosovo Helsinki Committee"....

The latest US "humanitarian" mission in Kosmet revealed that the

reasons for its arrival in Serbia were one thing, and the mission to Kosmet

-- right at the time of the separatist "parallel elections" -- was quite

another.

The CIA collects its information on the basis of measured and

tendentious reports by some 100 separatist journalists in Kosmet, while

important field data on the location of the Yugoslav armed forces, the

police, and the OVK terrorist organization is obtained by "Predator"

intelligence aircraft based in Albania.

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Article Id: dreeu04091998000184

Document Id: 0er7gn603tzlig

Insert Date: 04/10/98

Purge Date: 04/23/99

Publish Date: 04/09/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 108

Title: FYROM: MIC Views Consolidation of FYROM Intelligence Agency

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-099

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Transcribed Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 9 Apr 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: FYROM, Kosovo

Sourceline: AU0904073698 Skopje MIC in English 8 Apr 98

AFS Number: AU0904073698

Citysource: Skopje MIC

Language: English

Article Type: BFN

After the staff composition was completed, the first Macedonian

intelligence agency has officially stated its functioning in the domestic

security systems. Its Director Vlado Popovski stated that the planned

personnel structure is filled around 60 percent complete, which is

completely sufficient for its unobstructed work. The staff is mostly taken

form the Ministries of the Interior and Defense, which, according to

Popovski is a proof that the resistance which appeared in the starting

period of the formation of the agency has been overcome. Although the

budgetary cash has proven as being restrictive for the needs of the agency,

its director feels that this year they will survive with the approved

funds. These are the basic data on the Macedonian CIA, whose legal and

functional revival was postponed for years.

However, as time passed, speculations were spread that the

Intelligence Agency is an unwelcome "newborn" in the Macedonian security

systems. There were many scandals, which most often end in the sphere of

intrigues about its director. At the same time, analysts warned that the

agency, still unformed, suffers political pressures. Whether and to what

extend have these obstacles been overcome was our question to the Director

of the Macedonian Intelligence Agency Vlado Popovski.

Cross-Fire [subhead]

"I can only say that there might have been some resistance among

individuals, but in the complete structures, the standpoint towards the

Agency prevailed towards the positive side," Popovski underlines. All

conditions have been fulfilled for us to say that at the moment, the agency

has completely taken over all the intelligence activities. As far as the

political level is concerned, we also enjoyed the support there. The

Intelligence Agency could not have been formed if we have not had the

support of the Prime Minister of the Parliament. The others were only

individuals and incidental opinions, which proved as irrelevant," Popovski

pointed out.

One of the dilemmas was whether the Intelligence Agency, which works

for the head of state, financed by the Budget, which is regulated by the

Government will not be exposed to a kind of cross-fire which would result

from possible desires for political dominion. In fact, the largest

speculations were in regard to this question, connected to the existence of

the intelligence agency and its implementation in the institutional order.

"The current status of the Agency is on the two tracks of the

executive authority: the head of state and the government, as Popovski

points out. Time will answer whether there is possibility for balancing.

In principle, flaws are possible in this field if there is confrontation

between the two segments. However, if this happens, the consequences from

such a conflict will be far more long ranging and more encompassing and

will not only remain in the Intelligence Agency. For now, we do not mind

the double connection and it can be said that it is not detrimental to the

agency from such personnel and functional setting.

Subtenant [subhead]

The Macedonian first child in the field of the intelligence service

which cross the world, in its analytical services has worked out the first

data which regard the situation in the country, the fact that our

intelligence bureau still has the status of a subtenant in the Ministry of

the Interior is an additional indicator on the fictional bond with the

former intelligence service of this ministry, which, in the legal vacuum

created by the closure of the similar services in the Ministry of defense

has taken over the necessary intelligence activities, that is some king of

an indicator on the alleged ignoring of certain security service toward

him.

Although there are some elements that leave room for further

speculations, it is more than clear that the Macedonian CIA will

successfully make the first steps, which will approach it to the security

standards in the highly developed countries. This is a duty of the

leadership for which Director Popovski says that it has been already

selected.

Kosovo Hotbed -- Real Danger [subhead]

"The Intelligence Agency is following the situation in Macedonia in

the sense of existence of possible risks. For now, the Republic of

Macedonia is not significantly endangered and not threatened by any

immediate danger," says Vlado Popovski, head of the Macedonian intelligence

Agency. However, there is only one hotbed, which has complicated the

situation in this country's border regions. I am talking about the Kosovo

hotbed. The Yugoslav statements that Macedonia interfered with the

internal affairs have no grounds whatsoever. The Yugoslav statement that

in Macedonia there are around 200,000 pieces of weapons hidden is not naive

at all. This is a pure speculation. Moreover, additional speculation is

the Yugoslav statement that there are around 10,000 armed man which are a

danger to Kosovo. This is all, in fact a creation of elements for excuses

for some future slipover of the action from the Yugoslav side toward our

side. There are pure speculations and mystification of the real situations,

which are in function of justification of some possible activities.

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Article Id: dreeu03171998000162

Document Id: 0eq2lpx028i0h3

Insert Date: 03/19/98

Purge Date: 04/01/99

Publish Date: 03/17/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 106

Title: Albania: Deployment of US Troops to Albania Viewed

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-076

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe, The Americas

Document Date: 17 Mar 1998

Division: Balkan States, North America

Subdivision: Albania, United States

Sourceline: AU1703082398 Tirana Albania in Albanian 15 Mar 98 p 7

AFS Number: AU1703082398

Citysource: Tirana Albania

Language: Albanian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by A. Rrozhani: "Americans 'Occupy' Gjader"

The United States is re-establishing its bases in Albania. The

Pentagon has decided to include the territory of this small Balkan country

on US military maps. This is because of the aggravated situation in Kosova

[Kosovo] and the negative stand that the CIA expects Belgrade to maintain

vis-a-vis the Albanians' demand for self-determination.

US Army troops landed at the Albanian port of Durres to prepare a

logistic base, but Durres is not their destination. About 1,000 US

soldiers are going to march in the direction of Gjader military air base,

known by Pentagon officials to have been a successful area for observing

the war in Bosnia in 1995. Their mission will not only be to monitor

developments in Kosova from the closest base in the heated north, but also

to establish a secure buffer zone and a preventive force against the

conflict spilling over to the south of the Balkans, and in the direction of

Albania.

Tumor Growth in Albania [subhead]

Foreign soldiers set out on their first march in Albania in 1991.

These were the unarmed troops of the PELIKAN humanitarian mission, who

traveled all over extremely poor Albania. Italian troops were stationed in

Durres and distributed food and clothing worth about 30 billion Italian

liras, despite the Levante & Co. affair that ensued and the

imprisonment of Prime Minister Fatos Nano by the Albanian judiciary on the

grounds that he appropriated about $8.5 million. Albania has welcomed

foreign troops in the last few years only in the context of the Partnership

for Peace Initiative and Balkan maneuvers. Everything has been done in the

context of restructuring and streamlining the Army, which was disintegrated

following the violent anarchy that erupted in Albania after January 1997,

when Army munitions depots were looted and raided. The most successful

mission, that was also endorsed by the United States, was that of Gjader in

Lezhe. About 800 US troops, most of them reserve forces, were stationed on

the largest air base in the country as part of the PREDATOR mission from

May to November 1995. The Gjader military airport was used by four

unmanned airplanes called "Predators" to film the bloody battles that went

on in the Bosnia and Herzegovina territory. Two of these expensive planes

were shot and damaged, but they managed to gather useful information, which

threw light on the strength of the forces of the warring parties,

especially those of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. US troops

left in November 1995, but John Shalikashvili promised the democratic

government that their cooperation would continue. Things did not develop

as predicted.

Albania of "Gray Uniformed Tourists" Shakes Its Hands [subhead]

The Army soldiers will apparently be the only foreign tourists in

Albania, even during the summer. Foreign soldiers seem to replace to some

extent the former army of tourists who used to guarantee poor Albania about

100,000 nights of tourism. If we recall the defeated ALBA mission,

Albanians should at least look forward to some trade boom. The Italian-led

mission deployed about 7,700 soldiers to Albania from 10 European

countries. It was an army of gray uniforms that did not fire a single shot

for five months in response to crimes that took, on average, 10 Albanian

lives per day. A few months after their disgraceful departure, only 205

Greek soldiers remained in Albania and about 100 European advisors who

assist the Albanian police . . . record the crimes that continue to grow.

The Greek soldiers who are deployed in Albania -- without a decision of

parliament -- protect a barracks in Yzberisht (in the Tirana outskirts) and

the main Military Hospital. The opposition has demanded their departure

but has been unable to do anything about these foreign troops on Albanian

territory. Advisors to the Albanian police have declared that they are

going to remain in Albania for about a year. They have extended their

mandate, which was declared by Cutiliero, a representative of the WEU,

which is the armed wing of the EU. Apart from a feeling of indifference and

a nationalist sentiment, their presence has not aroused any other feeling

among Albanians. The Greek forces patrol the streets of Tirana, whereas the

WEU and the MAPE [Multinational Advisor Police Element] French and Italian

forces do not want to be involved in Albanian police actions.

The presence of foreign troops is cheered by merchants and restaurant

owners more than anyone else. The news of the return of US troops has

doubled their joy, not because of the feeling of security and order that

they may contribute to, but because of the mountains of US dollars they

like to spend. They are not going to be paid like the US soldiers in

Bosnia and Croatia, but like their counterparts in the UNPREDEP [UN

Preventive Deployment Force] mission in Macedonia. With a daily allowance

of about $100, the US soldiers will be the most respectable clients in

Albanian markets, restaurants, and souvenir shops. They certainly have to

be careful not to offend the Albanians' pride and honor. The wounding of a

US soldier by a 21 year old in Durres is a warning for the "gray uniformed

tourists" of Albania.

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Article Id: drsov03121998000287

Document Id: 0eps0nf02cra85

Insert Date: 03/13/98

Purge Date: 03/26/99

Publish Date: 03/12/98

Publish Region: Central Eurasia

Lines: 48

Title: Russia: Zavtra Sees U.S. Goal as Further Division of Yugoslavia

Document Number: FBIS-SOV-98-071

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: Central Eurasia, East Europe

Document Date: 12 Mar 1998

Division: Russia, Balkan States

Subdivision: Russia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Sourceline: MC1203091898 Moscow Zavtra in Russian No. 10, Mar 98 (signed to press 10 Mar 98) p 1

AFS Number: MC1203091898

Citysource: Moscow Zavtra

Language: Russian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Untitled "field report" by the Den Security Service

The current events in Kosovo, according to information from Rome, are

the consequence of the failure of the hard line endorsed by U.S. Secretary

of State Madeleine Albright, who demanded that preemptive mass strikes be

delivered against Iraq. The CIA has recommended that the head of the

foreign policy department divert her attention to a new and more promising

target, proposing the activation of her potential to exert influence on the

Albanian separatist organizations. After this proposal was accepted,

attacks on Yugoslav policemen became more frequent, as did "acts of

protest," ambushes on the streets, and other events intended to aggravate

the situation in the autonomous region of Kosovo. Our source says that the

ultimate goal is the further division of Yugoslavia and, apart from that,

the intensification of the discord between Germany and Russia and between

the Orthodox believers and the Muslims. Plans not just to deliver a

propaganda strike against Belgrade, but also to bring "peacekeeping forces"

into Serbia, according to the Bosnian scenario, are being examined. The

same model is supposed to be used in late 1998-early 1999 in

Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and Chechnya....

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Article Id: dreeu03091998000866

Document Id: 0epm8ba00zdiem

Insert Date: 03/10/98

Purge Date: 03/23/99

Publish Date: 03/09/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 61

Title: Kosovo: US Seen Giving Belgrade Indirect Go-Ahead for Kosovo Action

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-068

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Excerpt

Document Region: East Europe, West Europe

Document Date: 9 Mar 1998

Division: Balkan States, Benelux Countries

Subdivision: Kosovo, Belgium

Sourceline: BR0903145798 Brussels Le Soir in French 9 Mar 98 p 6

AFS Number: BR0903145798

Citysource: Brussels Le Soir

Language: French

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Article by Philippe Deprez: "'We Still Have To Liquidate 2

Million Albanians'"

Pristina -- [Passage omitted] American Go-Ahead to Belgrade [subhead]

On Saturday [7 March], the Serbian police reinforced their checkpoints

around the villages of Vojnik and Llaushe. "You cannot go any further; the

Mojahedin will kill you," says one Serbian policeman, while two buses drive

by filled with policemen. "Their job is probably to clean up the scene

before the organized trip for the journalists," says one diplomat. The

(ethnic) "cleansing" operation is coming to an end, according to Belgrade.

But the policemen in the special units do not seem to have had their

bloodlust satisfied: "We killed the terrorist leader," said one policeman

at a roadblock, "but we still have to liquidate 2 million Albanians."

According to one US source, the guerrilla fighters in the UCK (Kosovo

Liberation Army) present in the Drenica region have left the "battlefield"

and regrouped near the Albanian border. According to the summary of a CIA

document on the UCK, currently in circulation in Belgrade and Pristina,

their training base is in northern Albania. According to diplomats, this

document, dating from February, explains why President Bill Clinton's

special envoy, Robert Gelbard -- in contrast to the opinions of US

diplomats posted in Belgrade -- has called the UCK a "terrorist

organization" and indirectly given Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic

the go- ahead.

In support of the "antiterrorist" operation, the Serbian media have,

as a whole, stepped up the number of racist accounts and carefully

downplayed reports on massacres perpetrated by Serbian units. For its

part, on Saturday the "Kosovo Democratic League" tried to work a short,

fruitless con job, producing an "Albanian witness from Prekaz" -- a woman

-- whose exaggerated accounts and repeated acts of fainting failed to

convince anyone.

[Description of source: Brussels Le Soir in French -- leading

centrist daily]

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Article Id: dreeu01221998000458

Document Id: 0en9bh601lcv83

Insert Date: 01/23/98

Purge Date: 02/06/99

Publish Date: 01/22/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 65

Title: Serbia: Belgrade Daily Claims CIA Playing 'Active Role' in Kosovo

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-022

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 22 Jan 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Serbia, Kosovo

Sourceline: AU2201121498 Belgrade Politika Ekspres in Serbo-Croatian 21 Jan 98 p 7

AFS Number: AU2201121498

Citysource: Belgrade Politika Ekspres

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Report by T. Kresovic: "Underground Diplomacy"

The CIA plays the most active role in Kosmet [Kosovo and Metohija].

In addition to monitoring the region by satellite, it perfidiously acts

through the Information Center in Pristina and the Soros Fund for Kosovo.

The CIA also uses the information provided by the KIC [Kosovo Information

Center] and the Helsinki Committee for Kosovo. Next in line is Albania's

intelligence service, with its developed network, the operations of which

are synchronized with separatist organizations in Kosovo directly from the

Embassy in Belgrade. The CIA also exerts indirect influence through the

Independent Student Union and the Union of Independent Trade Unions.

Albania's intelligence service is also active among "nongovernmental"

organizations.

For years, the German intelligence service, BND [Federal Intelligence

Service], has had its own well-developed network, because more than 130,000

Albanian political asylum seekers and emigrants, OVK [Kosovo Liberation

Army -- UCK in Albanian] training centers, and the Albanian narco-Mafia

branch organizations are in Germany. The BND influence is reflected in the

activities of the Roman Catholic humanitarian organization Caritas, which

has "quietly" moved most of the Croats from Janjeva to Kistanje in Croatia.

The Iranian Intelligence Service, is also intensifying its activities

using fundamentalist methods. The Iranian Intelligence Service is active

in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, and its goal is to establish a Muslim

"Green Route" from Bosnia-Herzegovina, via Raska, Kosovo and Metohija, to

Western Macedonia. The Iranian Intelligence Service also works through

Shi'ite sects in Kosovo and Metohija, mainly in Prizren, and through the

"El-Beyt" and "Hanefi" organizations. The Iranians also operate through

the Iranian Cultural Center in Belgrade.

The majority of foreign intelligence services are using official

channels for their activities and devoting increasing attention to

analytical and strategic studies of the Kosmet phenomenon. NATO's interest

in Kosovo and Metohija and in linking up Kosmet to Bosnia-Herzegovina

indicates the presence of a regular intelligence war in Kosovo. The

Albanian separatist movement and the OVK would not be able to operate on

such a large scale but for the support of powerful intelligence services

and their "good" offices.

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Article Id: dreeu01151998001266

Document Id: 0emyqc400k7t0t

Insert Date: 01/17/98

Purge Date: 01/31/99

Publish Date: 01/15/98

Publish Region: East Europe

Lines: 100

Title: Kosovo: Daily Views Goals, Policy of Kosovo 'Separatist Movement'

Document Number: FBIS-EEU-98-015

Document Type: Daily Report

Document Title: FBIS Translated Text

Document Region: East Europe

Document Date: 15 Jan 1998

Division: Balkan States

Subdivision: Kosovo

Sourceline: AU1501192598 Belgrade Politika Ekspres in Serbo-Croatian 13 Jan 98 p 5

AFS Number: AU1501192598

Citysource: Belgrade Politika Ekspres

Language: Serbo-Croatian

Article Type: BFN

Subslug: Commentary by Tomislav Kresovic: "Differences Exist, But the

Goal Is the Same"

The separatist movement's pragmatic policy has three active segments.

The first is a political form for manifesting the separatist will as

defined in political parties, above all Dr. Ibrahim Rugova's LDK

[Democratic League of Kosovo] and the opposition forum, which consists of

Adem Demaci's PPK [Parliamentary Party of Kosovo], Rexhep Qosja's Christian

Democratic Party of Kosovo, Luljeta Pula-Beqiri's Social Democratic Party

of Kosovo, and Hajrulla Gorani's Independent Trade Unions of Kosovo.

The second aspect is the activity of the "government in exile," the

link with Albania, and the lobbying in Western countries, and also links

with intelligence services, primarily the CIA, the BND [Federal

Intelligence Service], and the Albanian and Iranian secret police. The

third segment is lobbying in the United States (Congress) and the United

Nations through a third party, the public relations agency "Rudder Fin," as

well as global internationalization.

The Call to Resistance [subhead]

The separatist movement is not unified, but it does have a coherent

policy in terms of its final goals. The goals are an independent Kosovo

and Metohija ruled by the ethnic, in other words, demographic majority. In

effect, the political wing is active in Kosovo through parties and student

and union organizations and through semi-military and terrorist

organizations, such as the OVK [Kosovo Liberation Army -- UCK in Albanian]

and the NPOK [National Movement for Liberation of Kosovo -- Nacionalni

Pokret za Oslobodjenje Kosova in Serbo-Croatian]. There are differences

within the LDK. Its leaders, Dr. Rugova, and Prof. Fehmi Agani, advocate a

"step-by-step" strategy by internationalizing the Kosovo issue and

exhausting Serbia's official state policy. The LDK wing under Hydajet

Hyseni, the PPK of Adem Demaci, and the "government in exile" under Bujar

Bukoshi promote a combination of political radicalism and a civic, even

armed, resistance.

Rugova enjoys the greatest support in Kosovo and Metohija, but Demaci

and Bakalli are becoming increasingly popular among the younger members of

the movement. Demaci's aim is to create conditions for Serbia and the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to agree to concessions through the use of

selective terrorism, but also through the Islamic formula of inspiring the

people to put up active resistance. The Independent Students Union of

Bujar Dugolli is the LDK's offensive wing, while the Indepen